Sunday, June 17, 2012

Rules:Transformation of Sentence for JSC Exam




                 
# A‡_©i  কোনো রকম পরিবর্তন না করে একপ্রকার sentenceকে অন্য প্রকার sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার প্রক্রিয়া বা কৌশলকে transformation of sentence বলে।
# সিলেবাস অনুযায়ী পরীক্ষায় যে পাঁচটি বিষয়ের ওপর প্রশ্ন থাকবে সেগুলো ধারাবাহিকভাবে নিচে আলোচনা করা হলো:
Affirmative to Negative and Vice-versa
Affirmativeকে negative করার সময় অর্থের মিল রাখতে হয়।
(a) Affirmative sentence-এ only বা alone থাকলে negative করার সময় only-এর পরিবর্তে none but বসে। বস্তুর পরিবর্তে nothing but এবং সংখ্যাবাচক word-এর পরিবর্তে no more that বসে। একইভাবে always থাকলে never বসে।
যেমন:
Affir. : Only the graduates can apply for the post.
Negative : None but the graduates can apply for the post.
Affirmative : Only Allah can help us.
Negative : None but Allah can help us.
Affirmative : Everyone wants to be happy.
Affirmative : There is no one but wants to be happy.
Negative : Nothing but money can save me now.
Affirmative : It always pours when it rains.
Negative : It never rains but pours.
Affirmative : We should always speak the truth.
Negative : We should never tell a lie.
Affirmative : All men must die.
Negative : There are no men but all will die.
Affirmative : The policemen are different.
Negative : The policemen are not similar.
(b) Affirmative sentence-এ must থাকলে negative করার সময় পরিবর্তে cannot but/ cannot help বসে। তবে cannot help-এর পরের verb-এর পরে ing যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন:
Affirmative : I must do the work.
Negative : I cannot but do the work.
Affirmative : You have to tell the truth.
Negative : You cannot help telling the truth.
(c) Affirmative sentenceকে negative-এ রূপান্তরের সময় ওই sentence-এর মধ্যে অবস্থিত affirmative শব্দটির negative রূপ বসানো যায় এবং সে ক্ষেত্রে ওই negative শব্দটির পূর্বে not বসাতে হয়। যেমন:
Affirmative : Rana is active.
Negative : Rana is not inactive.
Affirmative : My father is kind.
Negative : My father is not unkind./ My father is not cruel.

1
. (a) Statement to question/Assertive to Interrogative
(a) To be verb যখন assertive sentence-এ principal verb হিসেবে বসে তখন তাকে question করার সময় ওই to be verbকে বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয় এবং nt যোগ করে subjectসহ বাকি অংশ + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসবে। যেমন:
To be verb n
t subject extension (বাকি অংশ) + ?
Statement/Assertive :Anwar is a student.
Question: Isn’t Anwar a student?
Statement/Assertive: They are ready to play.
Question: Aren’t they ready to play?
Statement/Assertive : I was present there?
Question: Wasn’t I present there?
To have verb (have/has/had) যখন statement-এ principle verb হিসেবে বসে তখন তাকে question করার সময় ওই to have verb কে বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়। যেমন:
To have verb n
t subject extension (বাকি অংশ) + ?
Statement : He has a new shirt. Question : Hasn
t he a new shirt?
Statement : He had a good book.
Question : Hadn
t he a good book?
Note : এ ধরনের বাক্যকে do বা does বা did দিয়েও question করা যায়। যেমন: Statement : I have a by-cycle.
Question : Don
t I have a by-cycle?
Statement : He has a laptop. Question : Doesn
t he have a laptop?
Statement : He helped the poor.
Question : Didn
t he help the poor?
(c) Negative অর্থবোধক assertive sentenceকে interrogative করার সময় negative শব্দটি উঠে যায় এবং সাহায্যকারী verbটি প্রথমে বসে।
Do/does/did subject verb (present form) extension (বাকি অংশ) + ?
Assertive: You do not know me well.
Interrogative: Do you know me well?
Assertive: The boy doesn
t play football.
Interrogative: Does the boy play football?
Assertive: They did not go to UK.
Interrogative: Did they go to UK?
Question to statement and Vice-versa
(a) যে question sentence who দিয়ে আরম্ভ হয়, তাকে statement-এ পরিণত করার সময় সাধারণত কর্তা Everybody দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয়।
(b) Question sentenceটি negative থাকলে statement করার সময় affirmative হয়। যেমন: Question: Who does not like a flower?
Statement : Everybody likes a flower.

Statements to Exclamations and vice-versa
(a) Statement sentence-এ adjective-এর
পূর্বে যখন verb এবং noun-এর পূর্বে a great থাকে তখন তাকে exclamation করার সময় how বা what a/an দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয় এবং কর্তা ও verb বাক্যের শেষে নিতে হয়। যেমন: Statement : It is very fine pen.
Exclamation : How fine pen it is? Or, What a fine pen it is!
Statement : It is very unfortunate.
Exclamation : How unfortunate it is? Or, What a unfortunate it is!
Statement : The girl is a great fool.
Exclamation : How fool the girl is? Or, What a fool the girl it is!
(b) Wish যুক্ত statement sentenceকে exclamation করার সময় if দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু করতে হয়। যেমন:
Statement : I wish I were a river.
Exclamation : If I were a river!
Statement : I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamation : If I had the wings of a bird!
Statement : I wish I were a child again.
Exclamation : If I were a child again!
(c) Exclamation sentence যখন how বা what a/an দিয়ে শুরু হয়, তাকে statement করার সময় adjective-এর পূর্বে verb বা noun-এর পূর্বে a great বসিয়ে statement করতে হয়। যেমন:
Exclamation : How beautiful the girl is!
Statement : The girl is very beautiful.
Exclamation : What a dangerous thing it is!
Statement : It is very dangerous thing.
Exclamation : What a fool he was!
Statement : He was great fool.
Exclamation sentence: Hurrah (আনন্দ), alas (দুঃখ), bravo (শাবাশ), ah (বিস্ময়) ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হলে statement করার সময় ওই interjectionগুলোকে যথাক্রমে we rejoice বা It is a matter of sorrow/joy ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয়। মাঝে that বসে। যেমন:
Exclamation : Hurrah! We have won the match.
Statement : We rejoice that we have won the match. Exclamation : Alas! he has died.
Statement : It is a matter of sorrow that he has died.
Exclamation : Bravo! Father has come.
Statement : It is a matter of joy that father has come.
(e) Exclamation sentence if দিয়ে শুরু হলে তাকে statement করার সময় I wish বাক্যের প্রথমে বসে। যেমন:
Exclamation : If I were a hero!
Statement : I wish I were a hero.
Exclamation : If I were a millionaire!
Statement : I wish I were a millionaire.
Affirmative to Negative and Vice-versa
Affirmativeকে negative করার সময় অর্থের মিল রাখতে হয়।
(a) Affirmative sentence-এ only বা alone থাকলে negative করার সময় only-এর পরিবর্তে none but বসে। বস্তুর পরিবর্তে nothing but এবং সংখ্যাবাচক word-এর পরিবর্তে no more that বসে। একইভাবে always থাকলে never বসে। এ বিষয়েআগামীকালআলোচনা করা হবে।

Positive degree to Comparative degree
(a) Positive degree থেকে comparative করার সময় adjectiveকে comparative করতে হয়। সাধারণত এবং এর পরে than any other বসে। সাধারণত adjective-এর শেষে ‘er’যোগ করতে হয় এবং তারপর than বসে।
Positive degree-এর as as বা so so বাদ দিতে হয়।
যার সঙ্গে তুলনা করা হয় সেই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণী প্রথমে subject হিসেবে বসে এবং অর্থের মিল রাখার জন্য verb-এর পর not যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive : Babur was as strong as a lion.
Comparative : A lion was not stronger than Babur.
Positive : Birds do not fly as fast as aeroplane.
Comparative : Aeroplane flies faster than birds.

Positive degree to Comparative degree
# Positive degree affirmative থাকলে comparative করার সময় negative হয় এবং negative থাকলে affirmative হয়।
Positive : Bablu is as strong as Nabil.
Comparative : Bablu is less stronger than Nabil.
Positive : Your watch is not as good as my watch.
Comparative : My watch is better than yours.
Positive : No other metal is as useful as iron.
Comparative : Iron is more useful than any other metal.
Positive : Very few pictures of the world are as great as Mona Lisa.
Comparative : Mona Lisa is greater than most other pictures of the world.
# বিষয়টি নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে তা হলো comparative-এর পরিবর্তন কীভাবে হয়। আলোচনাকে সংক্ষিপ্তভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করলে বলা যায়, এর পরিবর্তন দুইভাবে হয়ে থাকে।
1. Superlative থেকে Comparative :
(a) Adjective-এর পর than any other দ্বারা পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
(b) One of the উল্লেখ থাকলে adjective-এর পর than most other দ্বারা পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
2. Positive থেকে Comparative : তুলনীয় স্থান বা ব্যক্তি প্রথমে বসে।
(a) Affirmative Sentence Negative হয়।
(b) Negative Sentence Affirmative হয়।

Superlative to Positive degree
Rule-1 : Superlative degreeকে positive degree করার সময় সর্ব প্রথম no other দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয় এবং এরপর sentence-এর শেষের অংশ অর্থাৎ adjective-এর পরের অংশ বসে। Verb-এর পর as বসে এবং এরপর adjectiveকে positive করতে হয়।
Rule-1 : No other + adjective verb + as + adjective+ as প্রথম subject . Superlative : Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
Positive : No other city in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.
Rule-2 : Superlative degreeতে one of the words উল্লেখ থাকলে positive করার সময় very few দ্বারা শুরু করতে হয়।
Very few + Superlative-এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + superlative-এর positive form + as প্রদত্ত বাক্যেও subject Superlative: He is one of the tallest boys in the class.
Positive : Very few boys in the class are as tall as he.

Superlative degree to Comparative degree
Rule-1: (a) Superlative degree থেকে comparative করার সময় শুধু adjective পরিবর্তন করতে হয় এবং এর পরে than any other বসে।
(b) Superlative degree-এর article ‘the’ অন্য যেকোনো degree করার সময় উঠে যায়।
(c) Than any other এর পর কখনো plural (বহুবচন) হয় না। সুতরাং plural থাকলে তা Singular হবে।
(d) Superlative degree-এর adjective ‘est’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘er’ যোগ করলে comparative হয়।
Superlative : Rana is the shortest boy in the class.
Comparative : Rana is shorter than any other boy in the class.
Superlative : Dhaka is the oldest city in Bangladesh.
Comparative : Dhaka is older than any other city in Bangladesh.
Rule-2: Superlative degreeতে one of the words উল্লেখ থাকলে comparative করার সময় adjective-এর পর than most other বসে।
Adjective + than most other
Superlative : Tiger is one of the most ferocious animals.
Comparative : Tiger is more ferocious than most other animals.
Note : Most other-এর পর বহুবচন হয়। নিচের বাক্যে আমরা দেখতে পাই girl-এর স্থলে girls হয়েছে।
Superlative : Shilpi is one of the best girl in the class.
Comparative : Shilpi is better than most other girls in the class

Statement to Question
1. There is nothing wrong with it. (Interrogative)
2. You do not know me well. (Interrogative)
3. The boy doesn’t play football. (Interrogative)
4. They did not go to USA. (Interrogative)
5. Nobody agreed with the leader. (Interrogative)
6. Kashem visits Mrs. Rehana Salam at the hospital. (Interrogative)
7. Doesn’t he have a laptop? (Statement/Assertive)
8. Who does not like a flower?
(Statement /Assertive)
9. Aren’t they ready to go?
(Statement /Assertive)
10. Who does not hate a liar?
(Statement /Assertive)
সঠিক উত্তর: Statement to Question
1. Is there anything wrong with it?
2. Do you know me well?
3. Does the boy play football?
4. Did they go to USA?
5. Did anybody agree with him?
6. Doesn’t he visit Mrs. Rehana Salam at the hospital?
7. He has a laptop.
8. Everybody likes a flower.
9. They are ready to go.
10. Everybody hates a liar.
Statement to Command request and Vise-versa
1. She sings a song.(Imperative)
2. It is proposed that we should do it. (Imperative)
3. You should do the sum. (Imperative)
4. You should never tell a lie. (Imperative)
5. You speak the truth. (Imperative)
6. Help your senior. (Assertive)
7. Let them play cricket.(Assertive)
সঠিক উত্তর: Statement to Command request and Vise-versa
1. Let her sing a song.
2. Let us do it. 3. Do the sum.
4. Never tell a lie. 5. Speak the truth.
6. You should help your senior.
7. They play cricket.
Statements (Assertive) to Exclamations and vice-versa
1. It is a very excellent hand writing. (Exclamatory)
2. The crow looks very ugly. (Exclamatory)
3. He leads an unhappy life. (Exclamatory)
4. The horse can run fast. (Exclamatory)
5. I wish I had the wings of a bird. (Exclamatory)
সঠিক উত্তর: Statements (Assertive) to Exclamations and vice-versa
1. What an excellent hand writing it is!
2. How ugly the birds the looks!
3. What un unhappy life he leads!
4. How fast the horse can run!
5. If I had the wings of a bird!

Practice: Affirmative to Negative and Vice-versa
1. Everyone wants to be happy. (Negative)
2. He is my friend. (Negative)
3. All men must die. (Negative)
4. Everyone loves an honest man. (Negative)
5. The problem is so difficult that we can’t solve it.(Affirmative)
6. How shocking the news was. (Affirmative)
সঠিক উত্তর: Affirmative to Negative and Vice-versa
1. There is no one but wants to be happy. Or, Who does not want to be happy.
2. He is not my enemy.
3. All men cannot but die, or, No men can escape death.
4. There is no one but loves an honest man.
5. The problem is too difficult for us to solve.
6. The news was very shocking.
Changing degrees of Adjectives
1. Dhaka is the oldest city in Bangladesh.(Comparative)
2. Shilpi is one of the best girl in the class. (Comparative)
3. Sher-E-Bangla was not less powerful than a tiger.(Positive)
4. Every metal is not as precious as gold.(Superlative)
5. The Padma is the largest river in Bangladesh.(Positive)
সঠিক উত্তর: Changing degrees of Adjectives
1. Dhaka is older than any other city in Bangladesh.
2. Shilpi is better than most other girls in the class.
3. Sher-E-Bangla was as powerful as a tiger.
4. Gold is one of the most precious metals.
5. No other river in Bangladesh is as large as the Padma.


1 comment:

Unknown said...

thank you very much sir..that helped me very much

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