Parts of speech

nglish Grammar থেকে Parts of Speech--এর মৌলিক দিকগুলো অত্যন্ত সহজ-সরল ভাষায় আলোচনা করা হবে।
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech, according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in the sentence. বাক্যে ব্যবহার অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন শ্রেণীর শব্দগুলিকে Parts of Speech বলে।
প্রকারভেদ : ইংরেজিতে Parts of Speech আট প্রকার। যথা :
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection.
1. Noun (we‡kl¨) : “A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “ A Noun is a naming word” mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, ¯’vb ev e¯‘i bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K Noun e‡j| †hgb :
Sumon is a brilliant student. (e¨w³i bvg)
Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. (¯’v‡bi bvg)
Gold is a valuable metal. (e¯‘i bvg)

2. Pronoun (me©bvg) : “A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “A word used instead of a noun is called a Pronoun.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word †Kvb Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Pronoun e‡j| †hgb :
Hasan is a good boy. (Noun)
He goes to school everyday. (Pronoun)
He is an intelligent boy. (Pronoun)

3. Adjective (we‡klY) : “An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a Noun.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “An Adjective is a word used for qualifying (or adding something to) the meaning of a Noun or Pronoun.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun- Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` ‡evSvq, Zv‡K Adjective e‡j| †hgbt
Jahid is a bad boy. (†`vl)
Runa is a good girl. (¸Y)
He is ill. (Ae¯’v)
I have five pens. (msL¨v)
He has much money. (cwigvY)

4. Verb (wµqv) : “A Verb is a word used to say something about some person, place or thing.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “A Verb is a word used for saying something about a person or a thing.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word Øviv †Kvb KvR Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K Verb e‡j| †hgb :
We play cricket. (Verb)
He writes a letter. (Verb)
She gives me pen. (Verb)
He ran a race. (Verb )

5. Adverb (wµqv we‡klY): “An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “An Adverb qualifies anything except a Noun or a Pronoun.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word Noun ev Prnoun e¨ZxZ Verb, Adjective A_ev Ab¨ Adverb- †K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K Adverb e‡j| †hgbt
Hossain goes slowly. (Verb-†K we‡kwlZ K‡i A_©vr modify K‡i)
She is a very beautiful girl. (Adjective-†K we‡kwlZ K‡i A_©vr modify K‡i)
She walks very slowly. (Adverb-†K we‡kwlZ K‡i A_©vr modify K‡i)

6. Preposition (c`vš^qx Ae¨q ev m¤^Üm~PK Ae¨q): “A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “A Pronoun is a word that is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show the relation of that noun or pronoun with any other word of the sentence.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m †mB Noun ev Pronoun-Gi m‡½ Sentence Gi Aci †Kvb word- Gi m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Preposition e‡j| †hgb :
The book is on the table. (Preposition)
The man is under the tree. (Preposition)
The fish is in the pond. (Preposition)
The bird flew over my head. (Preposition)

7. Conjunction (ms‡hvRK Ae¨q) : “A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “A Conjunction is a word for joining one word to another word, or one sentence to another sentence.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã (Word) ev evK¨vsk (Clause) †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunction e‡j| †hgbt
Hasan and Hossain are good boys. (`ywU Word-†K hy³ K‡i‡Q)
Rupom is a boy but Runa is a a girl. (`ywU Sentence- †K hy³ K‡i‡Q)
Do the work or leave this place. (`ywU Sentence-†K hy³ K‡i‡Q)

8. Interjection (Av‡eMm~PK Ae¨q): “ An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “An Interjection is a word or sound thrown into a sentence to express some feeling of the mind.”
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word g‡bi AvKw¯§K Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Interjection e‡j| †hgb :
Hurrah ! Today is holiday. (Kx gRv- Interjection)
Alas ! He is dead. (nvq- Interjection)
Oh ! What a nice view. (Avnv- Interjection)
Bravo ! You have done well. (mvevm- Interjecti
PRONOUN :
Pronoun (me©bvg) : “A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.”
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, “A word used instead of a noun is called a Pronoun.”
mnR fv‡e ejv hvq, †h Word †Kvb Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Pronoun e‡j| †hgb :
Hasan is a good boy. (Noun)
He goes to school everyday. (Pronoun)
He is an intelligent boy. (Pronoun)

cÖKvi‡f` : Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© mvaviYfv‡e Pronoun-†K AvU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Demonstrative Pronoun
3. Interrogative Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun5. Indefinite Pronoun
6. Distributive Pronoun
7. Reflexive Pronoun
8. Reciprocal Pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun : †h Pronoun †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cwie‡Z© e‡m, Zv‡K Personal Pronoun e‡j| †hgb :

I am a student.
He is a boy.
They are playing cricket.
You are reading a book.

Bs‡iwR‡Z wZbwU Person i‡q‡Q| †hgb:
a) First Person
b) Second Person
c) Third Person
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Person-Gi Singular I Plural Form Av‡Q| me wgwj‡q Personal Pronoun †gvU AvUwU|

2. Demonstrative Pronoun : †h Pronoun Kv‡Qi ev `~‡ii †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wbw`©ó K‡i †evSvq, Zv‡K Demonstrative Pronoun e‡j| †hgb:
This is my pen.
These are my books.
That is a dog.
Those are cows.

3. Interrogative Pronoun : †h Pronoun Øviv †Kvb cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv nq, Zv‡K Interrogative Pronoun e‡j| †hgb :

Who are you?
What do you want?
Which is your book?
Whose is this pen?
Whom did you meet yesterday?