Rules of Pronoun for JSC Exam

Pronoun
 নিয়মিত অনুশীলন করলে pronoun বিষয়ে অধিকতর জ্ঞান অর্জন করা ও ব্যবহার করা সহজ হবে।
# ইংরেজি ভাষা ব্যবহারের সময় ‘it’ pronoun-টির প্রয়োগ নিচে দেওয়া হলো।
(v) পরের বক্তব্যকে পূর্বাভাস দিতে it ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: I can show it that I can do this.
(vi) পরবর্তী কোনো clause বা infinitive-এর পরিবর্তে অস্থায়ী subject (Provisional subject) রূপে sentence-এর শুরুতে it ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: It is sure that my father will come. It is good to get up early in the morning.
(vii) Impersonal verb-এর subject-রূপে it ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: It is very cold today. It has been fogging since morning.
(viii) Collective noun-এর পরিবর্তে sentence-এ pronoun হিসেবে it ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: The jury has postponed its decision.
(ix) কোনো word বা word-group-এর ওপর জোর দেওয়ার জন্য number, gender ও person-এর পরিবর্তে it ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
It is I who supported you. It was your classmate who came yesterday.
(x) অপ্রকাশিত কোনো object-এর পরিবর্তে it ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: You can’t say it here.
# Personal pronoun ব্যবহারের একটি ব্যতিক্রমী নিয়ম: কোনো sentence-এ subject হিসেবে first person, second person ও third person ব্যবহূত হলে, সে ক্ষেত্রে যথাক্রমে second person, third person ও first person বসে। যেমন: You, he and I must do our duties.
কিন্তু দোষ স্বীকার করা বোঝালে প্রথমে first person, পরে second এবং সর্বশেষে third person বসে। যেমন: You and Lima are guilty.
# Noun বা pronoun-এর সঙ্গে first person যুক্ত থাকলে পরে ব্যবহূত pronounটি first person-এর plural-রূপে বসে। যেমন: He and I did our best, কিন্তু second person যুক্ত হলে pronounটি second person-এর হয়। যেমন: You and your friends are responsible for your evil motives.
Demonstrative pronoun: Demonstrative pronoun ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা স্থানকে নির্দেশ করে। যেমন: This, these, that, those etc.
These mangoes are ripe. That is our village. This is a girl.
এখানে This, that, these শব্দগুলো pen, umbrella, balls-এর পরিবর্তে বসে আবার এদেরই নির্দেশ করেছে। তাই এগুলো Demonstrative pronoun.
Use of Demonstrative Pronoun: সাধারণত কোনো বিষয়কে নির্দিষ্ট করে বোঝাতে আমরা Demonstrative Pronoun ব্যবহার করি।
যেমন: These books are fine. That is our house. This is a vegetable firm. এ ছাড়া I, this, these, that, those-এর নিচের ব্যবহারগুলো দেখা যায়।
(i) This ও these নিকটবর্তী কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে নির্দেশ করতে বা তাদের পরিবর্তে ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: This is a table. These are my pencils,
(ii) That ও those দূরের কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝানোর জন্য বা তাদের নির্দেশ করতে ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: That is my house. Those are my books.
(iii) কোনো sentence-এ দুটি noun থাকলে তাদের জন্য প্রথম nounটির জন্য that এবং পরেরটির জন্য this ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: Avash and Raju are friends; this (Avash) is a teacher and that (Raju) is a doctor.
(iv) কোনো sentence-এ একই জাতীয় noun থাকলে তাদের মধ্যে তুলনা করার সময় পূর্ববর্তী noun-এর পুনরাবৃত্তি এড়ানোর জন্য that ও those ব্যবহূত হয়। পূর্ববর্তী nounটি singular হলে that of এবং plural হলে those of ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: Incorrect: The mangoes of Rajshahi are better than the mangoes of Dhaka. Correct : The mangoes of Rajshahi are better than those of mangoes of Dhaka.
Incorrect : The rice of Barisal is better than the rice of Dinajpur.
Correct : The rice of Barisal is better than that of Dinajpur.
(v) কখনো কখনো One, ones, none, the same, so, such প্রভৃতি Demonstrative Pronoun ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: He drew the same picture as his brother. I think so.
Do you think that he will do well? This is my calculator. It is a good one.
Interrogative pronoun: প্রশ্ন করার জন্য যে pronoun ব্যবহার করা হয়, তা-ই Interrogative pronoun. যেমন: What, who, where, when etc. What is your name? Who are you? Whom do you look for? Which book do you like?
এখানে What, whom, who, which প্রভৃতি শব্দ ভিন্ন ধরনের প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞেস করার ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহূত হয়েছে। সুতরাং এগুলো Interrogative pronoun।
Use of Interrogative pronoun
সাধারণত who, whose, whom, which, what প্রভৃতি শব্দ interrogative pronoun-রূপে ব্যবহূত হয়। নিচে এদের ব্যবহার নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হলো।
(i) Who, whom, whose-এর ব্যবহার : অনির্দিষ্টভাবে ব্যক্তি বোঝাতে কে বা কারা এর পরিবর্তে who, কাকে বা কাদেরকে বোঝাতে whom এবং কার বা কাদের বোঝাতে whose প্রভৃতি interrogative pronoun ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: Who is the man? (কে বোঝাতে who)
Whom do you like? (কাকে বোঝাতে whom)
Whose is this house? (কার বোঝাতে whose)
(ii) What-এর ব্যবহার: কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু কী, তা নির্দিষ্ট করে নির্দেশ করার জন্য who ব্যবহূত হয়। এ ছাড়া কোন অর্থে, কী করে অর্থে এবং কিসের জন্য অর্থে what ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
What is this? (কী অর্থে)
What class are you in? (কোন অর্থে)
What is your uncle? (কী করে অর্থে)
What is Cox’s Bazar famous for? (কিসের জন্য অর্থে)
(iii) Which-এর ব্যবহার: কোনো কিছু বা কাউকে বেছে নেওয়ার জন্য ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা ইতর প্রাণী বোঝালে which ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: Which is your brother? (ব্যক্তি বোঝাতে)
Which book is yours? (বস্তু বোঝাতে)
Which is the oldest elephant? (ইতর প্রাণী বোঝাতে)
# মনে রাখতে হবে, what, who, which—এগুলো মূলত relative pronoun, কিন্তু যখন এগুলো দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তখন তা interrogative pronoun হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়।
Relative pronoun: যে pronoun পূর্বে ব্যবহূত কোনো noun বা pronoun-এর পরে বসে সেই noun বা pronoun-কে নির্দেশ করে এবং সেই সঙ্গে দুটি sentence-কে যুক্ত করে, তাকে relative pronoun বলে। যেমন:
The boy is reading book. He is my brother.
The boy who is reading is my brother.
This is the pen, I want to get it.
This is the pen which/that I want to get.
The man is a doctor. I met him in the hospital.
The man whom I met in the hospital is a doctor.
# Relative pronoun-কে linking pronoun বলে, কারণ এগুলো বাক্যের relative clause-কে main clause-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে।
যেমন: ওপরের sentenceগুলো লক্ষ করলে দেখা যাচ্ছে, who, which, that, whom—এগুলো noun- boy, pen, doctor-এর পরে বসে relative clause-কে main clause-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত করেছে। সুতরাং এগুলো relative pronoun.
Use of relative pronoun
সাধারণত who, whom, whose, which, that—এগুলো relative pronoun হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়। এ ছাড়া as, but প্রভৃতি relative pronoun ব্যবহূত হয়। নিচে এদের ব্যবহার দেওয়া হলো।
(i) Who-এর ব্যবহার
শুধু ব্যক্তি বা ব্যক্তিবাচক pronoun-এর পরিবর্তে who বসে। যেমন: I know the boy. He is honest. I know the man. He is a doctor. I know the boy who is honest. I know the man who is a doctor.
(ii) Which-এর ব্যবহার
বস্তু, ইতর প্রাণী ও শিশুদের পরিবর্তে which বসে।
যেমন: বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে : I bought a football. The football is very nice.
The football which I bought is very nice.
ইতর প্রাণীর ক্ষেত্রে : I saw a bird. It was chirping.
I saw a bird which was chirping.
শিশুদের ক্ষেত্রে : I like the child. The child is playing.
The child which I like is playing.
(iii) Whose-এর ব্যবহার
ব্যক্তি ও বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে pronounটি যদি possessive (my, our, your, their, his, her) হয়, তবে এর পরিবর্তে whose ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন:
The man was very active. His weight was 65 kg.
The man whose weight was 65 kg was very active.
Whom-এর ব্যবহার
শুধু ব্যক্তি এবং তা singular ও plural উভয় ক্ষেত্রে এবং তা যদি objective (me, us, you, them, him, her) হয়, এর পরিবর্তে whom বসে।
যেমন: The man is a magician.
I met him in the bus.
The man whom I met in the bus is a magician.
What-এর ব্যবহার
শুধু বস্তুকে নির্দেশ করতে what ব্যবহূত হয়। তবে তা কোনো নির্দিষ্ট বস্তুকে নির্দেশ করে না। what মূলত that ও which-এর সংযোগে গঠিত হয়, অর্থাৎ what = that+which। এ কারণে what-কে compound relative pronoun বলা হয়।
যেমন: You look at something.
It is nice. What you look at is nice.
That-এর ব্যবহার
That ব্যক্তি, বস্তু ও ইতর প্রাণীসহ সবার পরিবর্তে ব্যবহূত হয়। That কখনো কখনো who, whom or which-এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহূত হয়। কিন্তু কখনো whose-এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহূত হয় না। যেমন:
ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে: This is the man. He is honest. This is the man that (who) is honest.
বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে: This is the story book. You give me the story book.
This is the story book that (Which) you give me.
ইতর প্রাণীর ক্ষেত্রে: This is the parrot. The parrot looks nice.
This is the parrot that looks nice.
এ ছাড়া that নিচে উল্লিখিত ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহূত হয়:
Superlative Degree-এর Adjective-এর পর that ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
She is the most beautiful girl in the class that I ever saw.
(b) Any, only, all, the same প্রভৃতির পর that ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
This is the same boy that I saw in the school.
The only book that I bought is lost.
All that you think was wrong.
(3) Who, what ইত্যাদি Interrogative pronoun-এর পর that ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন: What is the matter that you told her? Who is the person that does not love his country?
Distributive pronoun: যে pronoun দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে প্রতিটিকে পৃথকভাবে বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়, তাকে Distributive pronoun বলে।
যেমন: Either of the glasses is broken. Each of the boys will get a book.
এখানে either ও each বেশ কটি বস্তু বা ব্যক্তির মধ্যে প্রত্যেককে, neither দুটির মধ্যে প্রত্যেকটিকে এবং every one বহুর মধ্যে প্রত্যেককে পৃথকভাবে বোঝাচ্ছে। এ জন্য এগুলো Distributive pronoun.
Distributive pronoun-এর ব্যবহার: (i) Each-এর ব্যবহার: Each দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে প্রতিটি আলাদা করে বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: Each of the boys is guilty.
(ii) Every-এর ব্যবহার: Each-এর মতো একইভাবে sentence-এ ব্যবহূত হয় । যেমন: Every man should have an aim in life.
(iii) Either-এর ব্যবহার: দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে যেকোনো একটি অন্যটি থেকে পৃথক বোঝাতে either ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: Either of the two pens will do.
(iv) Neither-এর ব্যবহার: দুইয়ের মধ্যে একটিকেও না বোঝালে either-এর negative হিসেবে neither বসে। যেমন: Neither of the two boys is honest.
Indefinite pronoun: যে pronoun কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে নির্দিষ্টভাবে না বুঝিয়ে অনির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝায়, তাকে Indefinite pronoun বলে।
যেমন: Few, some, one, none, other, another, naught, many, all, they, several, both ইত্যাদি Indefinite pronoun হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: Do not hate others. None of them are fit for the work.
# ওপরের sentenceগুলোতে other, any, none ইত্যাদি pronounগুলো নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে না বুঝিয়ে অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝাচ্ছে। তাই এগুলো Indefinite Pronoun।
Indefinite pronoun-এর ব্যবহার: (i) One-এর ব্যবহার: One অনির্দিষ্টভাবে কোনো ব্যক্তি বা প্রত্যেক ব্যক্তির জন্য ব্যবহূত হয়ে থাকে এবং এ ক্ষেত্রে one যদি sentence-এর subject হয় তাহলে তারপর nominative ও objective case-এ one এবং possessive case, one’s হয় (him অথবা his হয় না)। যেমন: One should do one’s duty.
Note : কিন্তু যদি one-এর পূর্বে no ও Every বসে তাহলে পরে one বা one’s না হয়ে his, him বসে। যেমন: every one can take his due.
(ii) None-এর ব্যবহার: None অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর পরিবর্তে singular ও plural উভয় number-এ ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: None but Allah can help us.
(iii) All-এর ব্যবহার: প্রত্যেক বা সবাইকে বোঝালে all ব্যবহূত হয় এবং verb plural হয়। যেমন: All (men) must die.
(iv) Some-এর ব্যবহার: Affirmative sentence-এ some ব্যবহূত হয়। এটি সব সময় plural এবং ব্যক্তি ও বস্তু উভয়ের পরিবর্তে বসে।
(v) Any-এর ব্যবহার: Interrogative ও negative-এ any ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: Any one can do this.
(vi) Other-এর ব্যবহার: Other শুধু ব্যক্তির পরিবর্তে বসে। কোনো বস্তু বা স্থানের পরিবর্তে বসে না।
যেমন: Do not speak ill of others.
(vii) They-এর ব্যবহার: They সাধারণত মানুষকে বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: They told that Allah helps us. 

Reflexive pronoun: যে pronoun দ্বারা উভয়ের subject ও object কাজকে বোঝায় এবং কাজটি একযোগে নির্দেশিত হয় তাকে Reflexive pronoun বলে।
Personal pronoun-এর সঙ্গে self or selves যুক্ত অবস্থায় যে pronounগুলো বাক্যে ব্যবহূত হয় এবং তারা sentence-এ object-এর স্থান দখল করে subject-কে নির্দেশ করে কাজের ফলাফল subject-এর ওপর আরোপ করে তাদেরকে Reflexive pronoun বলে। যেমন: Ruplal made himself.
এখানে দেখা যাচ্ছে, subject যে কাজ করছে তা তার কাজের ওপর করছে এবং তা objectরূপে বাক্যে অবস্থান করছে। এবং Personal pronoun her-এর পরে self যুক্ত হয়ে herself হয়েছে। সুতরাং herself এখানে Reflexive pronoun. এ জাতীয় আরও অনেক Reflexive pronoun রয়েছে। সাধারণত Personal pronoun-এর singular form-এর সঙ্গে self এবং plural-এর সঙ্গে selves যুক্ত হয়ে Reflexive pronoun হয়।
এ ছাড়া Personal pronoun-এর first ও second person-এর possessive case-এর সঙ্গে এবং 3rd person-এর objective case-এর সঙ্গে self বা selves যুক্ত হয়ে Reflexive pronoun গঠিত হয়।
নিচের ছকের সাহায্যে বিষয়টি আরও স্পষ্টরূপে প্রতীয়মান হয়।
Person Singular Plural
1st Person myself ourselves
2nd Person yourself yourselves
3rd Person thyself, himself, themselves
herself itself
# বিশেষভাবে লক্ষণীয়, Indifinite pronoun ‘one’-এরসঙ্গে self যোগ করে Reflexive pronoun গঠন করা হয়। যেমন: One should not praise oneself.
Reciprocal pronoun : যে pronoun দুই বা তার বেশি ব্যক্তির মধ্যে পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে তাকে Reciprocal pronoun বলে। যেমন: Each other, one another. The two friends love each other.
এবার তোমরা পূর্বের আলোচনা থেকে pronoun chapter থেকে যে জ্ঞান আর্জন করেছ তার একটি যাচাই পরীক্ষা দিয়ে দাও।
1. Fill in the gaps with correct pronoun from the box:
themselves him yourself
yourselves someone me
(a) You hurt — . (b) You hurt — . (c) The boys hurt — . (d) I know — very well.
2. Fill in the gaps with correct pronoun from the box:
none each itself
neither mine theirs
(a) — of the two boys is honest. (b) — but Allah can help us. (c) The cat hurt — . (d) Those books are — . (e) The two friends’ love — other.
3. Fill in the gaps with correct pronoun from the box :
himself myself anybody
one him any
(a) I hurt — . (b) He — did it. (c) The bothers quarreled — another. (d) No, I haven’t seen — .
(e) — can do it easily.
Answer: 1. (a) yourself (b) yourselves
(c) themselves (d) him.
2. (a) Neither (b)None (c) itself (d) theirs (e) each.
3. (a) myself (b) himself (c) one (d) any (e) Anybody.

Rules of Right forms of verbs for JSC Exam

Right form of verb
ইংরেজি ভাষায় একটি Sentence-এ ব্যবহূত প্রতিটি word-ই কোনো না কোনো কাজ করে থাকে। প্রতিটি word-এর মধ্যে verb সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সাধারণত যে word দ্বারা কোনো কিছু করা, হওয়া, থাকা, বোঝায় তাকে verb বলে। Verb is the heart of sentence. তাই verb-কে বাক্যের প্রাণ বলা হয়ে থাকে। Latin শব্দ verbum থেকে এই শব্দটির উৎপত্তি। বাক্যের গঠনশৈলীতে noun-এর পরই verb-এর স্থান। Noun, pronoun ও object-কে বিশেষভাবে গতিশীল করে রাখে এই verb। Verb ছাড়া কোনো sentence তৈরি করা যায় না। Verb-গুলো সাধারণত voice, tense, mood, narration ও Sentence পরিবর্তনে সহায়তা করে থাকে। একটি sentence-এ দুই ধরনের verb ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন: Principle verb ও Auxiliary verb.
Principle verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকাশের জন্য অন্যের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হয় না, তাকে principle verb বলে।
Auxiliary verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার sentence অথবা tense, voice বা mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb-কে সাহায্য করে থাকে, তাকে Auxiliary verb বলে।
Example : Rana is writing an application.
তোমাদের মনে রাখতে হবে, একই verb, Principle and Auxiliary দুইভাবেই ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন: I am a student. এখানে ‘am’ Principle verb.
আবার, I am writing a letter. এখানে ‘am’ Auxiliary verb.
Principle verb ও Auxiliary verb ছাড়াও Finite verb, Non-Finite verb, Transitive verb ও Intransitive verb রয়েছে। এগুলো বাক্য গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।
1. Sentence যদি Present indefinite tense হয় এবং Subject যদি Third Person singular number হয়, তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হয়। যেমন:
# She (write) a letter.
Ans.: She writes a letter.
# The baby (cry).
Ans.: The baby cries.
Before দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে before-এর আগের অংশে Past perfect tense এবং পরের অংশ Past indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
We (reach) our school before the bell rang.
Ans.: We had reached our school before the bell rang.
The patient had died before the doctor (come).
Ans.: The patient had died before the doctor came.
# After দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে এর আগের অংশ Past indefinite tense এবং পরের অংশ Past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
They arrived the station after the train (leave).
Ans.: They arrived the station after the train had left.
The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans.: The patient died after the doctor had come.
# No sooner had ............. than,
Scarcely had .......... when,
Hardly had .......... when—প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয়, অর্থাৎ verb-এর Past participle form হবে। দ্বিতীয় অংশ Past indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয়, অর্থাৎ verb-এর Past form হয়। যেমন:
No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans.: No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.
Scarcely had he (arrive) at the bus stand when the bus (leave).
Ans.: Scarcely had he arrived at the bus stand when the bus left.
Hardly had the snatcher (take) the chain when he (run) away.
Ans.: Hardly had the snatcher taken the chain when he ran away.
# সাধারণত since দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং since-এর আগের অংশ Present indefinite/Present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Past indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
It is many years since he (give) up smoking.
Ans.: It is many years since he gave up smoking.
Five years have passed since he (leave) the house.
Ans.: Five years have passed since he left the house.
# আবার since দ্বারা clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং since-এর আগে clause বা বাক্যের অংশ Past indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ verb -এর Past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
Many years passed since I (meet) him last.
Ans.: Many years passed since I had met him last.
It was many years since I (visit) there.
Ans.: It was many years since I had visited there.
# Passive voice-এ সর্বদা verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন: This work was (do) by him.
Ans.: This work was done by him.
The problem has been (solve) by him.
Ans.: The problem has been solved by him.
The school was (close) for sine die.
Ans.: The school was closed for sine die.
# Simple sentence-এ দুটি verb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় verbটির আগে to বসে।
যেমন: He saw the boy (play) in the field.
Ans.: He saw the boy playing in the field.
I heard him (speak).
Ans.: I heard him speaking.
He helps me (make) the house.
Ans.: He helps me making the house.
Note : দ্বিতীয় verbটি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয় তবে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর আগে to বসে।
যেমন: I went to the library (read) newspaper.
Ans.: I went to the library to read newspaper.
He repaired the boat (sell) it.
Ans.: He repaired the boat to sell it.
13. Modal auxiliary verb যেমন : can, could, may, might, should, would, ought to, used to, must ইত্যাদি থাকলে মূল verb-এর present form হয়। যেমন: He can (do) it easily. Ans.: He can do it easily.
Everybody should (respect) his parents.
Ans.: Everybody should respect his parents.
It may (rain) today. Ans.: It may rain today.
14. সাধারণত sentence যদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ বা phrase যেমন: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future, next ইত্যাদি থাকলে future indefinite tense হবে এবং verb-এর present form বসে। যেমন: I (go) to Dhaka tomorrow.
Ans.: I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.
He (join) there the next day.
Ans.: He will join there the next day.
15. Sentence-এর subject singular number হলে verb singular হয় এবং subject plural হলে verb plural number হয়।
যেমন: The taste of the mangoes (to be) sour.
Ans.: The taste of the mangoes is sour.
The flowers of the garden (to be) beautiful.
Ans.: The flowers of the garden are beautiful.
These papers (to be) printed.
Ans.: These papers are printed.
16. মূল verb-এর আগে to be বা having থাকলে verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন: A community centre is going to be (establish).
Ans.: A community centre is going to be established.
I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee.
Ans.: I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
He went home (have) his salary.
Ans.: He went home having his salary.
17. সাধারণত It is time, it is high time, wish ইত্যাদির পরে subject ও bracket-এ মূল verb থাকলে verb-এর past form হয়।
যেমন: It is time you (finish) a course on English language.
Ans.: It is time you finished a course on English language.
I wish I (sing). Ans.: I wish I sang.
আবার, It is time, it is high time-এর পর যদি bracket-এ মূল verb থাকে, তবে ওই verb-এর আগে to বসবে এবং ওই verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
যেমন: It is time (play). Ans.: It is time to play.
It is high time (stand) by the flood-affected people.
Ans.: It is high time to stand by the flood-affected people.
18. As if, as though, wish ইত্যাদি থাকলে subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে। যেমন: He behaves as if he (be) a leader.
Ans.: He behaves as if he were a leader.
I wish I (be) a millionaire.
Ans.: I wish I were a millionaire.
19. As if, as though দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে প্রথম clauseটি Present tense হলে পরবর্তী clauseটি Past indefinite হয়। প্রথম clauseটি Past tense হলে পরের clauseটি Past perfect tense হয়। যেমন: He behaves as if he (buy) the car.
Ans.: He behaves as if he bought the car.
He spoke as though he (do) a great task.
Ans.: He spoke as though he had done a great task.
20. While যুক্ত sentence-এ while-এর পরে verb থাকলে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার while-এর পরে subject থাকলে Past continuous tense হয়। যেমন: While (take) dinner, he received the phone. Ans.: While taking dinner, he received the phone.
While I (play) in the field, I saw him coming.
Ans.: While I was playing in the field, I saw him coming.
21. Lest দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে lest-এর পরবর্তী subject-এর সঙ্গে auxiliary verb ‘should’/‘might’ বসে। যেমন: Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans.: Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
Walk fast lest you (be) late in your class.
Ans.: Walk fast lest you might be late in your class.
22. Would that দ্বারা sentence শুরু হলে subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল verb-এর Present form হয়। যেমন: Would that I (be) a bird! Ans.: Would that I could be a bird!
Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar
Ans.: Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar
23. সাধারণত each, one of, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি দ্বারা কোনো subject গঠিত হলে সেটি third person singular number হয়। তাই এদের পরের verbটিও singular number হয়। যেমন: Each boy (come) here. Ans.: Each boy comes here.
Everybody (wish) to be happy. Ans.: Everybody wishes to be happy.
24. Adjective-এর আগে the বসলে subjectটি plural হয় এবং তদনুযায়ী verb বসে।
যেমন: The virtuous (to be) blessed.
Ans.: The virtuous are blessed.
The poor (live) from hand to mouth.
Ans.: The poor live from hand to mouth.
25. Titles, names, phrase of measurement দেখতে plural হলেও singular verb হয়।
যেমন: Thirty miles (to be) a long way.
Ans.: Thirty miles is a long way.
Star Wars (to be) an excellent movie.
Ans.: Star Wars is an excellent movie.
Eight hours (to be) a long time to work.
Ans.: Eight hours is a long time to work.
26. কোনো sentence ‘It’ দ্বারা শুরু হলে পরবর্তী verb singular হয়।
যেমন: It (to be) difficult to do.
Ans.: It is difficult to do.
It (to be) you who have done this.
Ans.: It is you who have done this.
27. কোনো sentence যদি introductory there দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং তারপর singular number থাকে, there-এর singular verb হয়। আর যদি there-এর পরে plural number থাকে তবে plural verb হয়।
যেমন: There (to be) a big river beside our village.
Ans.: There was a big river beside our village.
There (to be) a lot of work left for us.
Ans.: There were a lot of work left for us.
28. Let, had better, had rather, would better, would rather ইত্যাদি থাকলে form বসে।
যেমন: I would rather die than (beg) .
Ans.: I would rather die than beg.
Would you let me (go) there?
Ans.: Would you let me go there?
29. If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Present indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Future indefinite হয়, অর্থাৎ structureটি হয় ‘If + Present + Future’.
যেমন: If you work hard, you (prosper) in life.
Ans.: If you work hard, you will prosper in life.
If he reads more he (pass) in the examination.
Ans.: If he reads more, he will pass in the examination.
30. If-যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশে subject-এর পরে would/could/might বসে এবং verb-এর Present form হয়। অর্থাৎ, structureটি হয় ‘If + Past indefinite’—(Subject + would/could/might + verb-এর Present form)।
যেমন: If he agreed, I (give) the money.
Ans.: If he agreed, I would give the money.
If you studied, you (get) a good result.
Ans.: If you studied, you would get a good result.
If they tried, they (succeed).
Ans.: If they tried, they would succeed.
31. If-যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশে subject-এর পরে would have/could have/might have বসে এবং verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
যেমন: If you had finished it sincerely, you (get) a profit. Ans.: If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.
If I had possessed vast wealth, I (help) the poor people.
Ans.: If I had possessed vast wealth, I would have helped the poor people.
32. To ব্যাতিত preposition-এর পরের verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
যেমন: He is now engaged in (read).
Ans.: He is now engaged in reading.
One can gather knowledge by (travel).
Ans.: One can gather knowledge by traveling.
33. Can not help, could not help, look forward to, with a view to, get used to, mind ইত্যাদির পরে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
যেমন: He came to Dhaka with a view to (find) a job.
Ans.: He came to Dhaka with a view to finding a job.
I cannot help (laugh).
Ans.: I cannot help laughing.
34. কোনো sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর স্থানে verb থাকলে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়।
যেমন: (To swim) is a good exercise.
Ans.: Swimming is a good exercise.
(To speak) is an art.
Ans.: Speaking is an art.
35. If-যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথমটিতে subject-এর পর were থাকলে দ্বিতীয় অংশে subject-এর পরে would/could/ might বসে এবং verb-এর Present from বসে। আবার, would have/could have/would have-ও বসতে পারে। সে ক্ষেত্রে verb-এর Past participle form বসে।
যেমন: If I were an artist, I (draw) a nice picture.
Ans: If I were a artist, I would draw a nice picture.
If I were a billionaire, I (establish) a hospital for the poor.
Ans.: If I were a billionaire, I would establish a hospital for the poor.
36. Had-এর পরে subject এবং verb-এর Past participle থাকলে পরবর্তী clause-এর subject-এর পরে would have/could have/might have + verb-এর Past participle form বসে।
যেমন: Had I been a teacher, I (talk) the real story to my students.
Ans.: Had I been a teacher, I would have talked the real story to my students.
37. Verb ‘to be’-বিহীন sentence-কে negative বা interrogative করতে হলে tense ও subject-এর number ও person অনুসারে do, does, did ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
যেমন: We not (play) Ha-du-du.
Ans.: We do not play Ha-du-du.
She not (play) football.
Ans.: She does not play football.
38. সাধারণত preposition—on, in of, for, from, by, after at, beyond, upon, against, with, without, before ইত্যাদি—এর পরে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়।
Rina is busy in (do) her homework.
Ans.: Rina is busy in doing her homework.
Keep on (try) hard.
Ans.: Keep on trying hard.
39. Interrogative sentence যদি who, what, why, which, when, where, whose, how ইত্যাদি question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তাহলে subject-এর আগে tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Why he (look) so happy?
Ans.: Why does he look so happy?
When father (come)?
Ans.: When will father come?
40. সাধারণত নিচে লিখিত verb-গুলোর পরে gerund বসে। যেমন: admit, enjoy, report, appreciate, finish, recent, avoid, mind, resist, miss, resume, consider, postpone, risk, delay, practice, suggest, escape, imagine, save, recall, prevent, propose, stop, deny, quit ইত্যাদি।
We enjoy (watch) TV.
Ans.: We enjoy watching TV.
I have finished (writing).
Ans.: I have finished writing.
এবার Right form of verb lesson-এর ওপর যে জ্ঞান অর্জন করেছ, তার একটি যাচাই পরীক্ষা দিয়ে দাও।
Using the right form of the verbs in the following sentences.
A
i) He usually (get) up early in the morning.
ii) When father (come)?
iii) Rina is busy in (do) her homework.
iv) We not (play) Ha-du-du.
v) He is now engaged in (read).
B
i) If they tried, they (succeed).
ii) If you work hard, you (prosper) in life.
iii) I (receive) the letter just now.
iv) Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow. v) I (get) the parcel last month.
C
give — leave — try — swim — go — draw
i) They arrived the station after the train —.
ii) It is many years since he — up smoking. iii) If I were an artist, I — a nice picture. iv) Keep on — hard.
v) — is a good exercise.
D
sit — take — see — go — live
i) Once upon a time there — a king. ii) — on the chair. iii) I feel like — a cup of tea now. iv) Many years have passed since I — him. v) I cannot but — there.

Model Test:Eng-2nd Paper:জুনিয়র স্কুল সার্টিফিকেট পরীক্ষা-২০১2

ইংরেজি ২য় পত্র  সময়: ৩ ঘণ্টা \ মান: ১০০
PART : A

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles. 5
Football is (a) — popular game in our country. It is equally exciting to (b) — players and the spectators. It is (c) — foreign game. It is popular all over (d) — world. It is played in (e) — open field.
2. Rewrite the following passage in the present tense.
There was a village near the town in Greece where lived two farmers named Mr. Grasshopper and Mr. Ant. They were very good friends, but they were very different people. Mr. Ant was a very serious, hard-working person. He got up very early in the morning, ate a small breakfast, and started working on his farm.
3. Change the following active voice into Passive: 5
a) We made him captain.
b) She has written a letter.
c) Do not open the door.
d) Have you read the book?
e) Rina is telling a story.
4. Transform the following sentences as directed. 1x5=5
a) Tokyo is the biggest city in Japan. (Positive)
b) He is a better than most other boys in the class. (Positive)
c) Very few poets are as great as Nazrul. (Superlative)
d) Prevention is better than cure. (Positive)
e) He is as clever as a fox. (Comparative)
5. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words given- 5
from to at on over for
a) Most people stay — home at the weekend.
b) I will be in Cox’s Bazar — next Friday.
c) I went — a party Thursday night.
d) Why did you come — here?
e) He traveled — Dhaka to Chittagong.
6. Fill in the gaps by using right form of verbs given in the box. 5
be belong cook play study read feel
a) My brother went to USA in order to —.
b) The students in the class — strong.
c) The house — to my uncle.
d) I had my rice —.
e) Football is — all over the world.
7. Use suitable pronouns in the following sentences from the box given below. 5
yourself all which nothing some
a) Some are old and — are new.
b) — men are mortal.
c) These are bananas — have bought from Bogra.
d) You can try it again — .
e) There is — I can do to help you.
8. Use suitable adjectives in the following sentences from the box given. 5
little much another each this
a) — patient came here yesterday.
b) There is — water in the glass.
c) I drank — water after lunch.
d) This is — pen.
e) — girl will get a pen.
9. Use suitable adverbs in the following sentences from the box given. 5
quite daily slowly tomorrow too
a) The boy goes to school —.
b) She walks —.
c) He will come —.
d) He is — weak.
e) He is — wrong.
10. Use suitable idioms and phrases in the following sentences from the box given below. 5
at home cats and dogs hard and soul
ups and downs by chance
a) There are — in man’s life.
b) Try — and you will succeed.
c) It was raining —
d) I met him on the way back —.
e) Prodip is — in English.
11. Change the following sentences into direct/ indirect. 5
a) She said to me, “I was ill.”
b) The teacher said to students, “The Earth is round.”
c) He said to me, “Let us play football.”
d) He said, “What a nice bird!”
e) You said to him, “Where are going?”
12. Complete the sentences with 1st and 2nd conditions. 5
a) If you come, —.
b) —, I will not go to catch fish.
c) If I had money, —.
d) —, I would fly to you.
e) If he walk fast, —.
PART : B
13. Suppose you are Safwa/Safwan. You have been promoted to class eight. As a result, you have to buy some new books according to the booklist and for this you need some money.
Now, write a letter to your father asking for some money. 5
Or, Suppose you are Atik/Priyanka studying in Birshrestha Munshi Abdur Rouf Rifles College, Dhaka. Recently your father has been transferred to Rajshahi. Your family will soon move there. Now write an application to the Headmaster of your present school seeking a transfer certificate.
14. The following story is not complete. Now complete it and give it a suitable title. 10
Once there was a hare that used to laugh scornfully at a tortoise because he plodded along so slowly. “You never can get anywhere with those short legs of yours.————
15. Write a dialogue between you and your friend Mamun about the importance of water hyacinths. 5
16. Write a paragraph in about 100 words on ‘How to Become a Good Student’. 10
Or, Write a paragraph about ‘A Book Fair’ on the basis of the following questions given bellow:
a) What is a book fair?
b) When is a book fair organized?
c) Where is it organized?
d) Have you recently visited any book fair?
e) Is book fair enjoyable to you?
Or, Write a paragraph about ‘A Kitchen Garden’ or A vegetable Garden. Your paragraph must include the following information:
Place of a kitchen garden-different kinds of vegetables- seasonal vegetables- all season’s vegetables-vitamins and minerals-avoiding junk foods-saving time and money
17. Write a composition on any one of the following : 10
a) Your Future Plan of Life
b) Physical Exercise
c) Flood in Bangladesh.

Model Test:English !st Paper::জুনিয়র স্কুল সার্টিফিকেট পরীক্ষা-২০১2

ইংরেজি ১ম পত্র  সময়: ৩ ঘণ্টা \ মান: ১০০
Part-A (Seen Comprehension) Marks : 40
Read the passage (A) carefully and answer the questions (1-8) given bellow.
When Mr Grasshopper finished his breakfast, he felt better. “Thank you, Mr Ant, but I must get back to my family now,” he said. “My wife and children are also very weak and sick. I’m afraid we don’t have any food in our house. While you thought about the future and worked hard, I was lazy and thoughtless. Now there isn’t any future for me.” “Oh, I am sorry, Mr Grasshopper,” said Mr Ant. Mr Ant thought he would tell his wife about his friend. “Can we help Mr Grasshopper, dear?” he asked her. “well, I’d like to help your friend,” Mrs Ant replied. “But many of our crops have already been sold in order to buy things like fuel, and to pay for our children’s school fees. Everything’s so expensive nowadays. We’ve enough for ourselves, but we aren’t rich,” Mr Ant agreed. “You’re right, my dear,” he said. “Poor Mr Grasshopper! We can’t help him much.” After some time, the days grew warmer and the earth grew soft, so Mr Ant thought he would start working again in his fields. But where was his friend, Mr Grasshopper, now? Poor Mr Grasshopper wasn’t there. His farm was empty and silent.
1. Choose the best answer from the alternatives. 1×5 = 5
(a) Mr Grasshopper felt better after taking —.
(i) breakfast (ii) dinner
(iii) food (iv) rest
(b) Mr Ant was lazy and —.
(i) thoughtless (ii) capricious (iii) lame (iv) lazy
(c) Mr Grasshopper and his family were weak and sick for — of food.
(i) plenty (ii) want
(iii) having (iv) less
(d) Mr Ant felt — for Mr Grasshopper.
(i) sorry (ii) happy
(iii) nothing (iv) much
(e) Mr Ant wanted to — Mr Grasshopper.
(i) change (ii) help
(iii) harm (iv) feed
(f) Mr Ant had school-going — .
(i) sister (ii) brother
(iii) siblings (iv) children
2. Write whether the following statements are true or false. If false give the correct information. 5
(a) Mr Grasshopper wanted to go back to his family.
(b) Mr Ant rarely thought about his future.
(c) Mr Ant suffered for his nature.
(d) In true sense, Mr Grasshopper was foolish.
(e) Mr Grasshopper’s farm was quiet.
3. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word from the list given in the box below. 5
friend for to had if to were
of away future wanted very
While Mr Ant thought about the future and worked hard Mr Ant idled (a) — his time. So there was no (b) — for him. Mr Ant thought he would tell his wife about his (c) — . He asked his wife (d) — they could help him. Mrs Ant (e) — to help Mr Grasshopper. But many of their crops had already been sold for the money (f) — buy things like fuel. They also had (g) — pay for their children’s school fees. Things were (h) — expensive. She added that they (i) — enough for themselves but they weren’t rich. So Mr Ant told Mr Grasshopper that they were unable to help him. Mr Ant had sympathy (j) — his friend Mr Grasshopper, he was realistic.
4. Answer the following questions. 1×5 = 5
(a) How did Mr Grasshopper feel after having his breakfast?
(b) Why wasn’t there any food in the house of Mr Grasshopper?
(c) What happened after some time?
(d) Whom did Mr Ant tell about his friend?
(e) Why did Mr Ant sell many of his crops?
5. Choose a word from the box and put it in the blank next to its meaning. 5×10 = 5
settled scared feeble inconsiderate bare
quiet energy dear assist responded
(a) ————————— = Weak
(b) ————————— = Thoughtless
(c) ————————— = Afraid
(d) ————————— = Fuel
(e) ————————— = Expensive
(f) ————————— = Agreed
(g) ————————— = Silent
(h) ————————— = Help
(i) ————————— = Replied
(j) ————————— = Empty
6. Read the passage in ‘A’ again. Now write a paragraph based on the information about the result of idleness of the Grasshopper. Use the clues in the box below. Write the information in the correct sequence as it appears in the text. The paragraph should not exceed 70 words. 5
finish food lazy future tell
help sell croups children expensive
7. Imagine, you know a lazy farmer like Mr Grasshopper. Now write in about 70-80 words telling what happened in his life as he passed his precious time without doing anything seriously. 5
8. Read the passage in ‘A’ again. Now write the summary. 5
Part-B (Vocabulary and Grammar) Marks: 20
9. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word from the list given in the box below. There are more words than necessary. 1×10 = 10
strong wall tender fence good safe
seedlings quickly so edge season again
My wife and I decided that we would have to do something. “We have to do something (a) —,” my wife said. So, we got some bamboo and made a (b) — all around the (c) — of our garden. It was so (d) — that the cows and goats could not get in and eat our plants (e) —. So we felt (f) — and planted some more seeds and (g) —. It was the summer (h) — and the sun was (i) — hot and the rain was so heavy that we had to make mats to cover our (j) — seedlings.
10. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word. Use only one word for each blank. 1×10 = 10
(a) — Mr Ant was working on his farm, Mr Grasshopper sang (b) — in the warm sun. And when he stopped, he sat and (c) — the beautiful countryside (d) — him. He looked at the leaves on the trees, the green fields, and the fishermen’s boats on the sea. Then Mr Grasshopper fell (e) —. While Mr Grasshopper slept (f) — in his chair, Mr Ant (g) — to work on his farm. For many days, weeks and months, he was busy in his fields. And as soon as his crops were ready, he (h) — the grain in his granary. So, while Mr Grasshopper (i) — his leisure, Mr Ant (j) — hard from morning until night.
Part-C (Writing Test) Marks: 40
11. Make ten meaningful sentences using the following table. 10
12. Read the following paragraph. The sentences are in the wrong order. Now write the sentences in the correct order in a paragraph form. 10
(a) Mr Ant stayed inside his house.
(b) Through his windows he looked at the trees and the white fields covered in snow.
(c) One morning, Mr Ant was eating his breakfast when there was a knock at his door.
(d) “Come in!” he shouted.
(e) The soft earth became hard and nothing could grow.
(f) The leaves dropped off the trees and the countryside looked bare and grey.
(g) Then it started snowing and the fields were covered in soft white snow.
(h) The door opened and there was Mr Grasshopper standing outside in the cold.
(i) After some time, the warm sunny days finished.
(j) Then the winter season came and the weather in Greece grew cold.
13. Suppose you are Samad/Jui Lusai. Your friend, Abdul Momen/Momena has got GPA-5 in the JSC examination. Now write a letter congratulating him/her for his/her brilliant result. 10
Or,
Write a letter to your father telling him about your preparation for the up-coming Junior School Certificate (JSC) examination. 10
14. Write a paragraph in 100-120 words on “Honesty is the best Policy”.
Or, Your country. 10

Rules of Transformation of sentence

Transformation of Sentence
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের গ্রামার অংশ থেকে ‘Transformation of Sentence’ নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
Transformation of sentence

 Rule-4 : Affirmative sentence-এ always থাকলে, এর পরিবর্তে never এবং key wordটির বিপরীতার্থক (antonym) ব্যবহার করে negative করতে হয়।
Example: Affirmative : We always remember the martyrs.
Negative: We never forget the martyrs.
Affirmative: We are always regular in our duties.
Negative: We are never irregular in our duties.
Rule 5: As soon as-কে negative করতে হলে প্রথমে as soon as-এর পরিবর্তে no sooner had বসে। এরপর সে sentence-এর subject বসবে, verb-এর participle বসে এবং sentence-এর বাকি অংশ বসবে। তারপর than এবং সবশেষে দ্বিতীয় sentenceটি বসবে।
Example: Affirmative : As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
Rule 6: Affirmative sentence-এ too...to থাকলে negative করার সময় too...to-এর পরিবর্তে so...that দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
Example: Affirmative : He is too dishonest to speak the truth.
Negative: He is so dishonest that he cannot speak the truth.
Affirmative : They were too nice to use just at present.
Negative: They were so nice that they could not be used just at present.
Rule 7: As...as যুক্ত affirmative sentence-কে negative করতে হলে প্রথমে as-এর জায়গায় not less এবং পরের as-এর জায়গায় than বসে।
Example: Affirmative : Rina’s knowledge in English is as sound as Shova.
Negative: Rina’s knowledge in English is not less sound than Shova.
Rule 8: ‘For ever’ কিংবা ‘For good’ যুক্ত বাক্যগুলোকে negative করতে হলে never এবং verb-কে বাক্যের প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
Example: Affirmative : He has left the tuition for good.
Negative: He will never join the tuition again.
Affirmative: Rana has given up gambling for ever.
Negative: Rana will never play gambling again.
Rule 9 : Continuous tense যুক্ত বাক্যগুলোকে negative করতে হলে it is not that বসবে এবং পরবর্তী অংশ negative করতে হবে।
Example: Affirmative : He is going to the function.
Negative: It is not that he is not going to the function.
Affirmative: I am digging the field.
Negative: It is not that I am not digging the field.
Rules 10 : ‘Be verb’ যুক্ত affirmative adjective থাকলে complement হিসেবে কাজ করে। এ ধরনের affirmative sentence-কে negative করতে হলে not বসিয়ে বিপরীত adjective বসাতে হবে।
Example : Affirmative : Man is mortal.
Negative : Man is not immortal.
Affirmative : It is an easy term.
Negative : It is not a complex term.
Assertive sentence-কে interrogative এবং exclamatory sentence-এ পরিণত করার জন্য আমি কতগুলো নিয়ম উপস্থাপন করেছি এবং প্রতিটি নিয়মের সাপেক্ষে example ও exercise দিয়েছি, যাতে তোমরা সহজে নিয়মগুলো আয়ত্ত করে সঠিকভাবে প্রয়োগ করতে পারো।
Assertive to Interrogative
Rule 1 : অর্থের পরিবর্তন না ঘটিয়ে assertive sentence-কে interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম: (i) ‘হ্যাঁ’-বোধক assertive sentence-কে ‘না’-বোধক interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করে interrogative sentence গঠন করা যায়।
Example : As. : Smoking is a bad habit
Int. : Isn’t smoking a bad habit?
As. : He ia an honest man.
Int. : Isn’t he an honest man?
(ii) অনুরূপভাবে ‘না’-বোধক assertive sentence-কে ‘হ্যাঁ’-বোধক interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তিত করে interrogative sentence গঠন করা হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে negative word-গুলোকে affirmative word-এ পরিবর্তিত করা হয়।
Example : Assertive: He is not a great fool.
Interrogative : Is he a great fool?
Assertive: I was never late.
Interrogative : Was I ever late?
Rule 2 : সাহায্যকারী verb-বিহীন assertive sentence-কে interrogative হলে don’t / doesn’t (present indefinite হলে), did (past indefinit হলে) + subject + base verb + বাকি অংশ + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসবে।
Example : Assertive: They play football.
Interrogative : Don’t they play football?
Assertive: Jerry liked skates.
Interrogative : Did not jerry like skates?
Rule 3 : Never/nothing-যুক্ত assertive sentence-কে interrogative করতে হলে never-এর পরিবর্তে ever এবং nothing থাকলে anything বসবে।
Example. : Assertive: I never drink tea.
Interrogative : Do I ever drink tea?
Assertive: There was nothing to do.
Interrogative : was there anything to do?
Rule 4 : Everybody / everyone / all-কে interrogative করার সময় এদের পরিবর্তে প্রথমে who বসে + don’t / doesn’t / didn’t বসে + মূল verb-এর present form বসে + মূল verb-এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। Example : Assertive: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Interrogative : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Assertive: All love flowers.
Interrogative : Who doesn’t love flowers?
Rule 5 : Nobody / none / no one-কে interrogative করতে হলে এদের পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকি অংশ+প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
Assertive : Nobody trusts a liar.
Interrogative: Who trusts a liar?
Assertive : None can do this.
Interrogative : Who can do this?
Rule 6 : Assertive sentence-এ (every, all + noun) subject হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হলে সে ক্ষেত্রে interrogative sentence-এ every-এর স্থলে is there any ব্যবহূত হয়।
Example : Assertive: All men hate a liar.
Interrogative : Is there any man who doesn’t hate a liar? Assertive : Every man must die.
Interrogative : Is there any who will not die?
Rule 7 : Interoductory ‘there’ দিয়ে সূচিত assertive sentence-কে interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে there-এর পরিবর্তে sentence-এর প্রথমে who বা what ব্যবহূত হয়। অতঃপর sentence-টি negative হলে Affirmative Interrogative এবং Affirmative হলে Negative-interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
Example : Assertive : There is no use of it.
Interrogative: What is the use of it?
Assertive: There is no hope for me.
Interrogative: What is the hope for me?

Exercise for practice
1. Mitu writes a letter.
2. Their glory can never fade.
3. None can accept the proposal.
4. Every mother loves her child.
5. Friendship is nothing but a name.
6. Nobody can escape death.
7. The earth moves round the sun.
8. There is nobody happier than Kamal.
9. He has nothing to do.
10. I did not go home yesterday.
Transformation of Sentence
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, গতকালের পর আজ ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের গ্রামার অংশ থেকে ‘Transformation of Sentence’ নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule 1 : Sentence-এর প্রথমে what বা how বসে (what-এর সঙ্গে a+noun এবং how-এর সঙ্গে adjective / adverb বসে) + subject + verb + note of exclamation বসে।
Example : Assertive : You are a great fool.
Exclamatory: What a fool you are!
Assertive : The boy is very strong.
Exclamatory : How strong the boy is!
Rule 2 : Assertive sentence-এ wish থাকলে exclamatory করার শুরুতে if / had বসে।
Example : Assertive : I wish I had the wings of a bird. Exclamatory : If I had the wings of a bird!
Assertive : I wish I could do it.
Exclamatory: If I could do it!
Rule 3 : Assertive sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে যদি rejoice / It is a matter of joy / delight / surprise ইত্যাদি word ব্যবহূত হয় সে ক্ষেত্রে exclamatory sentence-এ এদের পরিবর্তে hurrah বা brave ব্যবহূত হয়।
আবার Assertive sentence-এর প্রথমে It is a matter of sorrow / grief / sad / regret ইত্যাদি ব্যবহূত হয় সে ক্ষেত্রে এদের পরিবর্তে sentence-এর প্রথমে alas ব্যবহূত হয়। Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহূত that উঠে যায় এবং অবশিষ্ট বাক্যাংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Example
Assertive : We rejoice that we have won the match.
Exclamatory : Hurrah! we have won the match.
Assertive : I regret that the man is dead.
Exclamatory : Alas! the man is dead.
Exercise for practice
1. It was a very charming sight. 2. He leads a most unhappy life. 3. It is a good plan. 4. I wish I could meet the president once. 5. The news was very shocking to her.
Transformation
প্complex sentence থেকে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম
Complex to Simple
Rule 1: since/as/when-যুক্ত complex sentence-কে Simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে—
(i) Complex sentence-এর দুটি clause-এর subject এক হলে সে ক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
since/as/when উঠে যায় + subordinate clause-এর মূল verb-এর ing form, subordinate clause-এর প্রথমে বসে + main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example:
Complex : When the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Simple : Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
(ii) দুটি clause-এর subject ভিন্ন হলে এবং প্রথম clauseটিতে am/is/are/was/ were/has/have/had থাকলে প্রথম clause-এ am/is/are/was/were-এর পরিবর্তে being বসে বা has/have/had-এর পরিবর্তে having বসে + দ্বিতীয় clauseটি বসে। Example:
Complex : When the sun had set, we stopped our playing.
Simple : The Sun having set, we stopped our playing.
(iii) Complex sentence-এর clause দুটির subject যদি এক হয় এবং to be verb থাকে, তবে since/as-এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে because of + সেই clause-এর subject-এর possessive form বসে + am/is/are/was/ were-এর পরিবর্তে being বা has/have/had-এর পরিবর্তে having + sentence-এর বাকি অংশ + comma + বাকি sentenceটি বসে। Example:
Complex : Since he was weak, he couldn’t work hard.
Simple : Because of his being weak, he couldn’t work hard.
Rule 2 : Relative pronoun-যুক্ত complex sentence-কে simple করার নিয়ম:
(i) প্রদত্ত sentenceটির প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun (who/which/that)-এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে + relative pronounটি উঠে যায় + relative pronoun-এর পরে auxiliary verb থাকলে উঠে যায় + মূল verb-এর present form-এর সঙ্গে ing + বাকি অংশ বসে। Example:
Complex : The man who works hard can shine in life
Simple : The man working hard can shine in life.
When-যুক্ত complex sentence-এ যদি কোনো মুহূর্ত, দিন, মাস, ঋতু, বছর ইত্যাদিকে নির্দেশ করা হয়, তাহলে simple senctnce করার নিয়ম:
when উঠে যায় + when-এর পরিবর্তে অল্প সময় বোঝালে at, দীর্ঘ সময় বুঝালে in এবং বয়স উল্লেখ থাকলে at the age of বসে + when-এর পর যে subject ও verb থাকে তা উঠে যায় + main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example:
Complex : He woke up, when it was day light.
Simple : At daylight, he woke up.
Complex : When the was four, he left his house.
Simple : At the age of four, he left his house.
বি. দ্র.: যদি when দ্বারা কোনো সময় না বোঝায়, কোনো কাজ চলা বোঝায়, তখন at the time of + when-যুক্ত অংশের ing-যুক্ত verb + বাকি clause বসে। Example:
Complex : When it was raining, he woke up.
Simple : At the time of raining, he woke up.
omplex sentence থেকে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
Complex to Simple
Rule 3: If clause দ্বারা সূচিত complex sentenceটি যদি না-বোধক অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, সে ক্ষেত্রে complex sentence-কে simple করতে হলে:
প্রথমে without বসে + ‘if’ clause এর মূল verb-এর present form-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ করতে হবে + verb-এর পরের অংশ + অপর clauseটি বসবে। Example:
Complex : If you do not work hard, you will not prosper in life.
Simple : Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.
(ii) যদি ‘if’ clauseটি affirmative হয়, simple করার সময় without শব্দটির জায়গায় by বসে।
Example:
Complex : If you work hard, you can succeed in life.
Simple : By working hard, you can succeed in life.
Rule 4. So that-যুক্ত complex sentence-কে simple sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হলে main clause অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং sentence-এর প্রথমে বসবে + so that উঠে গিয়ে to/in order to main clause-এর পরে বসবে + may/might/can/could উঠে যাবে + sentence-এর বাকি অংশ বসবে। Example:
Complex: I read more so that I can make a good result.
Simple : I read more in order to make a good result.
Rule-5 : So + adjective + that clause-যোগে গঠিত complex sentence-এর subordinate clauseটি যদি negative sentence হয়, সে ক্ষেত্রে simple sentence করতে হলে—
So + adjective-এর পরিবর্তে too + adjective বসে + subordinate clause-এর মূল verb-এর পূর্বে to বসে এবং that-এর বিলুপ্তি ঘটে।
Example:
Complex : He was so tired that he couldn’t move.
Simple : He was too tired to move.
Rule 6: Though/although/even though দ্বারা সূচিত complex sentence-কে simple করতে হলে though/although-এর পরিবর্তে inspite of + সেই clause-এর subject-এর possessive form + সেই clause-এর am/is/are/was/were-এর পরিবর্তে being বা have/has/had-এর পরিবর্তে having এবং অন্যান্য verb-এর ক্ষেত্রে মূল verb-এর ing form + অপর clause বসে।
Example:
Complex : Although the man has vast riches, he wants more.
Simple : Inspite of his having vast riches, the man wants more.
Example for exercise
1. He is sorry to hear that you have failed.
2. I bought a pen which is costly.
3. The baby was so little that he could not walk.
4. We eat so that we may live well.
5. When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
6. If you don’t have a visa, you can’t go to abroad.
7. If you practice regularly, you can play well.
8. As they are industrious, they will succeed in life.
9. When kamal went to market, he bought a book.
10. The box is so old that it cannot be used.
Complex to Compound
Rule 1: Since, as বা when দ্বারা সূচিত Complex sentenceকে Compound sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হলে-
Since, as বা when উঠে যায় + দুটি clause-এর মাঝে and, and so, so, hence বা therefore বসে + main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example:
Complex : Since the weather was bad, we did not go outside.
Compound : The weather was bad, so we did not go outside.
Rule 2: Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentenceকে Compound sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হলে Though/Although উঠে যায় + দুটি Clause-এর মাঝে but বা yet বসে + main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example:
Complex : Although the man has much riches, he wants more.
Compound : The man has much riches, but he wants more.
Rule 3: Relative pronoun যুক্ত Complex sentenceকে Compound sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হলে—দুটি Clauseই অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে + Relative pronoun-এর পরিবর্তে and বসে + প্রথম Clause-এর object দ্বিতীয় Clause-এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হবে। Example:
Complex : I saw a boy who was lame.
Compound : I saw a boy and he was lame.
Rule 4: (i) If যুক্ত Complex sentence-এর sub ordinate clause-এর subject যদি first বা third person হয় এবং sentenceটি Negative অর্থবোধক হলে Compound sentence করার সময় নিচের নিয়মটি প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
If উঠে গিয়ে প্রথমে let বসে + if-এর পর ব্যবহূত pronoun-এর objective form বসে + sub ordinate clauseটি affirmative-এ রূপান্তরিত হবে + clause দুটির মাঝে or বা otherwise বসে + main clause বসে।
Complex to Compound
Rule 4: (ii) যদি complex sentenceটি Affirmative হয়, তবে compound sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে
if-এর পরিবর্তে let বসে + subject-এর objective রূপ বসে + দুটি clause-এর মাঝে and বসে + main clause অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Example: Complex : If I rise early, I will have enough time to study.
Compound : Let me rise early and I will have enough time to study.
Rule 5 : If যুক্ত complex sentenceটির sub ordinate clause-এর subject যদি second person হয় এবং Negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাহলে compound sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম—If you do not উঠে যায় + দুটি clause-এর মাঝে or বা otherwise বসে + main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Example: Complex : If you do not move, you will die.
compound : Move or you will die.
(iii) If যুক্ত complex sentenceটি যদি Affirmative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তাহলে compound sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
if+you উঠে যায়+দুটি Clause-এর মাঝে and বসে+main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example :
Complex : If you read more, you will know more.
Compound : Read more and you will know more.
Complex to Compound
Rule 6 : So...that যুক্ত Complex sentence-কে Compound sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
So-এর স্থলে very এবং that-এর স্থলে and, and so, so, hence, therefore বসে+main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Example : Complex: He is so weak that he can’t walk.
Compound: He is very weak and so he can’t walk.
Rule 7: Unless দ্বারা সূচিত Complex sentence-কে compound sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
Unless+you উঠে যায়+দুটি clause-এর মাঝে or বা otherwise বসে+main clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example: Complex: Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
Compound: Work hard or you will not succeed.
Exercise for practice: 1. I am glad that he has recovered from illness. 2. If she is at home, I shall see her. 3. Only those who graduates are eligible for the post. 4. Unless you read attentively, you will fail in the examination. 5. The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it. 6. If you speak the truth, I shall pardon you. 7. If you run fast, you will catch the train. 8. The man bought a pen which was lost. 9. If you do not speak the truth, nobody will believe you. 10. When the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Compound to complex
Rule-1: So এবং and so যুক্ত compound sentence-এর প্রথম clauseটি যদি পরবর্তী clause-এর কাজের ফলাফলের কারণ হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়, সে ক্ষেত্রে compound sentenceকে complex sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম—
কারণ যুক্ত sub ordinate clauseটির আগে since, because বা as বসে+ and উঠে যায়+দ্বিতীয় clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Example: Compound: The was ill and so he could not attend school.
Complex: As he was ill, he could not attend school.
Rule-2: And যুক্ত compound sentence-এর একটি clause যদি অন্যটির কারণ বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে compound sentenceটিকে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে নিম্নোক্ত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে— প্রথম sentence-এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে+প্রথম sentence বসে+ and এর পরিবর্তে comma (,) বসে+দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে। Example: Compound: The sun had set and we returned home.
Complex: When the sun had set, we returned home.
Compound to complex
Rule-2: And যুক্ত compound sentence-এর প্রথম clauseটি শর্ত বোঝালে complex sentence-এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম: প্রথমে if বসে + subject বসে + প্রথম clauseটি বসে+ comma (,) কমা বসে + অপর clauseটি বসে।
Example: Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.
Rule-3: But বা yet যুক্ত compound sentenceকে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম: Sentence-এর প্রথমে though বা although বসে + yet বা but উঠে গিয়ে comma (,) বসে+ দ্বিতীয় clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Example: Compound: He ran fast but he could not catch the train.
Complex: Though he ran fast, he could not catch the train.
Rule-4: And যুক্ত compound sentence-এর একটি clause যদি অন্যটির কারণ বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে compound sentenceটিকে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে নিচের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
প্রথম sentence-এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে+প্রথম sentence বসে+ and এর পরিবর্তে comma (,) বসে+দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে। Example: Compound: The sun had set and we returned home.
Complex: When the sun had set, we returned home.
Rule-5: Or বা otherwise যুক্ত compound sentenceকে complex sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হলে—
প্রথম clause-এর আগে if+you+do not অথবা unless বসে + or বা otherwise উঠে তার পরিবর্তে comma (,) বসে + দ্বিতীয় clauseটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। Example: Compound: Leave the place at once, otherwise you will be punished.
Complex: If you do not leave the place at once, you will be punished.
Rule-6: Very... and যুক্ত sentenceকে complex sentence করতে হলে very-এর পরিবর্তে so এবং and-এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
Example: Compound: He is very weak and he can’t walk. Complex: He is so weak that he can’t walk.
Examples for Practice: 1. You must hurry or you will miss the train. 2. Read Newspaper regularly and be wise. 3. He is rich but he is unhappy. 4. My youngest son saw me and came running. 5. Spare the rod and spoil the child. 6. You must return the goods or pay the bill. 7. Prantika was ill and so she could not attend the meeting. 8. He is old but he is very active. 9. You can go to play or watch TV. 10. The sun rose and the fog dispersed.
Transformation of sentences
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের গ্রামার অংশের ‘ট্রান্সফর্মেশন অব সেন্টেন্স’ নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
# Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed.
Set-1
a. The birds that come to our country in winter are called migratory birds. (Make it simple) b. In winter the weather is too cold for them to live in the north. (Make it complex). c. They find better shelter in Bangladesh. (Make it passive) d. We must protect them. (Make it negative). e. Migratory birds run faster than the dove. (Make it positive)
Answer to the question set no.-1
a. The birds coming to our country in winter are called migratory birds.
b. In winter the weather is so cold that they cannot live in the north.
c. A better shelter is found by them in Bangladesh.
d. We cannot but protect them.
e. The dove does not run so fast as migratory birds.
Set-2
a. But at last God took pity on him. (Make it negative without changing the meaning). b. One day the old sailor was watching the water snakes swimming round the ship. (Make it passive). Their colours were very beautiful and c. he was filled with a strange wonder. (Make it active). Then he felt a great love for them and blessed them from his heart. d. At once the dead albatross fell from his neck into the sea, and the old man fell into a deep sleep. (Make it complex) e. When he woke up, it was raining. (Make it simple).
Answer to the question set no.2
a. But at last God was no more unkind to him.
b. One day the water snakes were being watched by the old sailor swimming round the ship.
c. A strange wonder filled him.
d. The old man fell into a deep sleep as soon as the dead albatross fell from his neck into the sea.
e. At the time of his waking up, it was raining.

Model Test: English 1st Paper for SSC Exam

 A. Reading Test (Seen Comprehension)
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions following it:
May 1st, international Workers Day, commemorates the historic struggle of working people throughout the world, and is recognized in most countries. All the privileges worker enjoy today-a minimum wage, safety laws and eight-hour workday came about due to the sacrifice of the workers in 1886.
On May 3, 1886, police fired into a crowd of strikers at the McCormick Harvest Machine Company, Chicago, killing at least one striker, seriously wounding five or six others and injuring an undermined number.
From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people in factories have worked very long shifts, lasting up to fourteen or even more hours day. In the 1880s a new movement calling for an eight-hour day inspired both Labor Unions and unorganized workers.
The events of May Day 1886 is a reminder that workers will continue to be exploited until they stand up and speak out to gain better working conditions, better pay and better lives.




Part A :Reading Test (Seen Comprehension)
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions following it :
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Women’s Day was observed across the United States on 28 February, 1909. In 1910, the Socialist International meeting in Copenhagen established a Women’s Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women’s rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish Parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War 1, Russian women observed their first international Women’s Day on the last Sunday in February, 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with sisters.
Since those early years, the International Women’s Day has become important all over the world for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women’s movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women’s conferences, has asked for coordinated efforts to demand women’s rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, the International Women’s Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women’s rights.
1. Choose the best answers from the alternatives. 1×5=5
(a) Finnish Parliament is the parliament of —.
(i) American country (ii) European country
(iii) African country (iv) Asian country
(b) Russian women observed their first International Women’s Day — the World War 1.
(i) immediately before (ii) two years before
(iii) after (iv) in the middle of
(c) The International Women’s Day is observed across the world for — the rights of women.
(i) protecting (ii) consolidating
(iii) safeguarding (iv) strengthening
(d) “The International Women’s Day” movement got momentum from —
(i) Copenhagen (ii) Russia
(iii) America (iv) Finnish Parliament
(e) When and why women held rallies in Europe?
(i) March 8, 1913, to protest the war (ii) March 8, 1914, to express solidarity with their sisters (iii) March 8, 1913, to express solidarity with their sisters (iv) both (i) and (iii)
2. Write, whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give the correct answer. 1×5=5
a) History of the women’s right is made of the bravery and distinguished work of ordinary women.
b) Women from all walks of life fought to have political emancipation.
c) The first International Women’s Day was observed on 28 February, 1909.
d) Actually the day when the International Women’s Day was observed was not mentioned.
e) In Europe the International Women’s Day was observed on 8 March.
3. Fill in each gap in the following passage with a suitable word from the box. There are more words than necessary. 0.5×10=5
arranged coordinated establish decision globally known
observance declaration observed selecting taken fixed
According to a (a) — given by the Socialist Party of America the first National Women’s Day was (b) — across the USA in 1909. But the (c) — of observing the International Women’s Day was (d) — first in Copenhagen Conference (e) — by the Socialist International, without (f) — a particular date for the (g) —. At present the day is celebrated (h) — asking for (i) — efforts of the women to (j) — their rights widely and perfectly.
4. Read the passage in ‘A’ again. Now, write a paragraph based on the foundation of International Women’s Day. Use the clues in the box below. Write the information in the correct sequence as it appears in the text. The paragraph should not exceed 70 words.
declaration movement meeting observed
determination right progress established
5. Read the passage in A again. Now answer the following questions in your own words. 1x5=5
a) Why is the International Women’s Day observed now?
b) Why did the Socialist International establish a Women’s Day?
c) What was the outcome of the Copenhagen meeting?
d) Who declared the women’s Day?
e) What were the demands of the women?
6. Fill in each gap with a suitable word from the text. 0.5x10=5
In 1910, The Socialist International (a) — in Copenhagen established a Women’s Day which was (b) — in character to (c) — the (d) — for women’s rights. Achieving (e) — suffrage (f) — women was also its goal. The (g) — of over 100 women from 17 countries including the first three (h) — elected to the Finnish Parliament with (i) — approval decided to (j) — in achieving that goal.
7. Read the passage in ‘A’ again. Suppose, your school has observed ‘’The International Women’s Day’’ this year. Now, write a paragraph in about 70-80 words stating your experience. 10
8. Read the passage in ‘A’ again. Now, write the main ideas of the passage in your own words in not more than five sentences. 10
Part B : Vocabulary Test
9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box. There are more words than necessary. 1x10=10
relation try benefit cut off business friends
profit neighbour society duty have relatives
the neighbours are the best (a) — of anybody. They are more than (b) —. One can (c) — relation with anybody. One can also (d) — relation with anybody. But he cannot have his (e) — and cut off (f) — they come to our help for the first time. So do the (g) — and responsibility to neighbours. They are very important. Good relationship among neighbours makes a good (h) —. We should (i) — to keep relationship with our neighbours. Thus we can (j) — ourselves.
10. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. Use only one word for each gap. 10
Natural disaster (a) — throughout the world in recent years. The main reason behind this is greenhouse effect of (b) — of the air (e) — the earth. Global warming is melting the (d) — ice of polar regions and of the peaks of (e) — mountains. Consequently, the (f) — of sea water has alarmingly increase. Cyclones and tidal bores (g) — inundating and destroying the coastal regions to a large extent. Climatologists (h) — that in the last 185 years 59 cyclones hit the coastal (i) — and off-shore island of our country causing irrecoverable loss (j) — lives and properties.
Part C : Writing Test
11. Read the following table and make ten meaningful sentences : 1x10=10
12. Rearrange the jumbled sentences according to sequence and rewrite them in a paragraph : 1x10=10
a) Through the kindness of a patron, he was educated at the Town Grammar School and then at the University of Cambridge.
b) He was born in 1564, two months before Shakespeare, in the town of Canterbury.
c) He may be regarded as the true founder of drama.
d) In 1587, at the age of 23, he produced his first play, Timberline, which brought him instant recognition,
3) He graduated at the age of 19, and then went to London where he became an actor living in the low town atmosphere of excess poverty and wretchedness.
f) Then he was stabbed in a drunken fight and died wretchedly.
g) In five years, while Shakespeare was serving apprenticeship, Marlowe produced all his great works.
h) Thereafter, although he led a wretched life. he remained loyal to a high literary purpose.
i) He was the son of a poor shoe maker.
j) Christopher marlowe was the greatest of Shakespeare’s predecessors.
13. Imagine, you know about the dowry system in our country. Write a paragraph about it by answering the following questions. 10
(a) What do you mean by dowry? (b) How is it curse to the society? (c) Why do the poor become the victims of it? (d) What are its effect? (e) What should the young generation do? (f) How can one help a dowry campaign?
14. Imagine, you are Masum and your friend is called Beeky. Now write a letter to your friend telling about your country. 10
Use the following :
Attraction—tourist places—natural beauties—historical places—people—invitation
or, Write a composition in about 200 words about “Our Cultural Heritage of Bangladesh”. Use the following clues :
— the rich cultural heritage of Bangladesh— influence of foreign culture—the effect of foreign culture. 
PART—A : Reading Test
Read the text carefully and answer the questions follow it.
Feroza’s childhood was full of suffering and sorrow. She never had a moment of happiness in her life. All she remembered from her childhood was the extreme want of shelter and clothing. In 1972 at the age of 12, she was married to a 25-year’s old unemployed man. Feroza entered into her husband’s house with the dreams and hopes of a young girl but all she saw was more want. Feroza worked for a handful of grains to feed herself, her mother-in-law and her husband. When her first son was born, she was 19. The birth of a child meant another mouth to feed. Feroza’s toiling days became intense with the birth of her second son in 1982. Her husband was still unwilling to work and therefore, she had to work even harder to feed all the five mouths. From morning till dark she worked, worked and worked. When she was 24, her third son was born. Each day became more difficult for Feroza. No matter how hard she worked, she could never earn enough to feed everyone. Eight years went by and Feroza was still struggling for herself and her family. Then she came to learn about the Grameen Bank. She became a member of the Bank, took a loan and started her own husking-rice business. Gradually, she managed to improve her condition and managed to repay the loan borrowed from the Grameen Bank. In 1995 Feroza took an even larger loan and started a stationery shop along side her husking business. She went to the adult literacy centre, learned how to read and write. By 2000, Feroza’s worst days were over. She had solvency, security and happiness.

1. Choose the best answer from the alternatives.
(a) Feroza began her life with a lot of—
land and capital (ii) capital and hopes (iii) sufferings and happiness
(iv) sufferings
(b) The first baby was born to them in—
(i) 1992 (ii) 1979 (iii) 1880 (iv) 1980
(c) At last Feroza had to work hard to feed—
(i) 5 mouths (ii) 6 mouths
(iii) 3 mouths (iv) 4 mouths.
PART—A : Reading Test
(d) Her second son was born in—
(i) 1982 (ii) 1983(iii) 1984 (iv) 1985
(e) What made Feroza solvent and happy?
her family (ii) her own effort
(iii) Grameen bank (iv) her husband.
Answer to the question no-1:
a) (iv) sufferings, b) (ii) 1979
c) (i) 5 months, d) (i) 1982
e) (ii) her own effort.
2. Write whether the statements are true or false. If false, give the correct answer.
(a) Feroza passed her childhood in miseries.
(b) Feroza was married when she was an adult.
(c) Three sons were born to Feroza.
(d) Feroza’s worst days were never gone.
(e) She started a stationery shop when she was thirty six years old.
Ans to the question no-2:
a) True.
b) False. Correct answer : Feroza was married at the age of 12.
c) True.
d) False. Correct answer : Feroza’s worst days had gone by 2000.
e) False. Correct answer : She started a stationary shop when she was thirty-five years old.
3. Fill in each gap in the following sentences of the passage with a suitable word from the box. There are more words than necessary.
hopes-dreams-conjugal-till-struggling- program-unwilling-toiling-birth-with adult-improve
Feroza began her a — life in sufferings with high — and lofty — of prosperity. In her husband’s house she had to do a lot of household work from morning — night. Her — days turned more and more intense with the — of children while the unemployed husband was still — to undergo manual labour to earn for the expanding family. However, Feroza’s involvement and financial transaction — the Grameen Bank brought about turning point in her life. She would overcome the difficulties by starting business, joining the — literacy — and by learning to read and write.
Ans to the question no-3:
a) conjugal b) hopes c) dreams d) till
e) toiling f) birth g) unwilling h) with
i) adult j) program.
4. Read the passage in A. Now write a paragraph based on the information about Feroza. Use the clues in below. Write the information in a logical sequence as it appears in the text. The paragraph should not exceed 70 words.
toil — childhood — unemployed —dreams— loan — business
Ans. to the question no-04:
Feroza had to live a poor and miserable life from her childhood. She did not have a moment of happiness. She was married to a lazy and unemployed man. She dreams of happiness, solvency and education were shattered. She worked hard to support her family. She took a loan from the Grameen bank and started a business of rice husking. After much toiling her worst days were gone. She became successful changing her life.
5. Read the text in A again. Now answer the following questions in your own words.
(a) How was Feroza’s childhood?
(b) What were Feroza’s dreams?
(c) What did Feroza have by the year 2000?
(d) What sorts of business did Feroza start after taking loan?
(e) How did Feroza improve her lot?
Ans to the question no-05:
a) Feroza’s childhood was full of suffering and sorrows without having any happy moment.
b) Feroza’s dreams were a happy family, financial solvency and starting reading and writing again.
c) By the year of 2000, Feroza had overcome her worst days and then she had solvency, security and happiness.
d) After taking loan, Feroza started her rice-husking business.
e) Feroza improved her lot by working hard and doing business with loan money taking from the Grameen Bank.
6. Fill in each gap with a suitable word of your own, based on the information from the text in A.
Being born in poverty, Feroza had never a — of happiness. She felt — want of food — and clothing. She was married to an — youth who was not — to work for the family. Then three children were — to Feroza, she did not have — to eat in spite — working hard, she managed to improve her — by taking loan from Grameen Bank and — a business with that money. At last, she had solvency and happiness.
Ans. to the question no-06:
a) moment/time
b) more/ further
c) protection/shelter
d) unemployed
e) willing/eager, f) born
g) food, h) of
i) condition/state
j) started.
7. Read the passage A again. Think you are Rahima, landless poor women. Now write in
about 70-80 words about yourself, stating how your life has changed through loans, business and education.
Ans. to the question no-07:
I am Rahima. I live at Dhamrai in Dhaka. My husband is an unemployed man because he does not want to do any work. I am fighting for the survival of my family and myself. I have become a member of the Grameen Bank. After taking a loan from the Grameen Bank, I started rice-husking business. I have also started a stationary shop near my house. Moreover I can now read and write. I am very busy with my current business and enjoying a happy life.
8. Read the text in A again. Now write the main ideas of the story in your own words in not more than five sentences.
Ans. to the question no-08:
Feroza, an extra ordinary woman grew up in want. She was married at an early age when she was only 12 with an unemployed man. She worked very hard to support herself as well as her family. After becoming a member of Grameen Bank, she took a loan, started a rice-husking business, and changed her poor condition. Finally, she could overcome all odds and got happiness and solvency in her life.