Narration
পরীক্ষায় শুধু তিনটি ধাপ থেকে প্রশ্ন আসবে। ধাপগুলো হলো: 1. Assertive
2. Interrogative and 3. Imperative.
সহজ ভাষায় বলতে গেলে বক্তার বক্তব্যই speech বা narration. Narration শব্দের অর্থ হলো উক্তি। কোনো বক্তার বক্তব্য অন্যের ভাষায় প্রকাশ করাকে narration বলে। এ speech বা narration-কে দুুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যথা:
1. Direct speech( প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি) 2. Indirect speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
Direct speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথাকে হুবহু উদ্ধৃত করলে বা প্রকাশ করলে, তাকে Direct speech বলা হয় । যেমন: Dina says , I shall do it.
Indirect speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথা (speech) Inverted comma (“ ”) রাখা হয়। এবার এই বক্তব্যকে উদ্ধৃত না করে আমরা তার বক্তব্যকে report করতে পারি। তাকে Indirect speech বা Reported speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি) বলে। (We may report what he said without quoting his each words. This is called indirect speech or Reported speech). যেমন: Dina says that she will do it.
Punctuation of Direct speech
যে উক্তিটির লেখার সময় বাক্যের উদ্ধৃত করা হয়, তাকে direct speech বলে এবং যে verb-এর সাহায্য report করা হয়, তাকে reporting verb বলে। (The speech which is under quotation marks or inverted commas in writing is called direct speech and the used by which it is expressed, is called Reporting verb.)
The change of persons
a. Direct speech-এর first person অর্থাৎ reporting verb-এর subject-এর number person ও gender অনুসারে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তিত হয় ।
b. Direct speech-এর second person, যার কাছে বর্ণনা দেয়া হয় অর্থাৎ reporting verb-এর object-এর number, person ও gender অনুসারে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন: Direct: He says to me, I shall help you.
Indirect : He says ( or tells ) me that he will help me.
Direct : He says to Rani, “I shall help you.”
Indirect : He says (or tells) Rani that he will help her.
c. Direct speech-এর third person-এর indirect speech-এ কোনো রকম পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন: Direct : He says, “She will do it.”
Indirect : He says that she will do it.
Note : i. Direct speech-এর reporting verb রূপে কখনো verb “to tell’’ ব্যবহার হয় না। যেমন: Inc.: He told me, “I am well.”
Cor.: He said to me, “I am well.”
ii. ব্যক্তিবাচক অর্থাৎ Indirect object ছাড়া Indirect speech-এর verb to tell ব্যবহূত হয় না। Inc. He told that he was well.
Cor. He said that he was well.
পরীক্ষায় শুধু তিনটি ধাপ থেকে প্রশ্ন আসবে। ধাপগুলো হলো: 1. Assertive
2. Interrogative and 3. Imperative.
সহজ ভাষায় বলতে গেলে বক্তার বক্তব্যই speech বা narration. Narration শব্দের অর্থ হলো উক্তি। কোনো বক্তার বক্তব্য অন্যের ভাষায় প্রকাশ করাকে narration বলে। এ speech বা narration-কে দুুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যথা:
1. Direct speech( প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি) 2. Indirect speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
Direct speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথাকে হুবহু উদ্ধৃত করলে বা প্রকাশ করলে, তাকে Direct speech বলা হয় । যেমন: Dina says , I shall do it.
Indirect speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথা (speech) Inverted comma (“ ”) রাখা হয়। এবার এই বক্তব্যকে উদ্ধৃত না করে আমরা তার বক্তব্যকে report করতে পারি। তাকে Indirect speech বা Reported speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি) বলে। (We may report what he said without quoting his each words. This is called indirect speech or Reported speech). যেমন: Dina says that she will do it.
Punctuation of Direct speech
যে উক্তিটির লেখার সময় বাক্যের উদ্ধৃত করা হয়, তাকে direct speech বলে এবং যে verb-এর সাহায্য report করা হয়, তাকে reporting verb বলে। (The speech which is under quotation marks or inverted commas in writing is called direct speech and the used by which it is expressed, is called Reporting verb.)
The change of persons
a. Direct speech-এর first person অর্থাৎ reporting verb-এর subject-এর number person ও gender অনুসারে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তিত হয় ।
b. Direct speech-এর second person, যার কাছে বর্ণনা দেয়া হয় অর্থাৎ reporting verb-এর object-এর number, person ও gender অনুসারে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন: Direct: He says to me, I shall help you.
Indirect : He says ( or tells ) me that he will help me.
Direct : He says to Rani, “I shall help you.”
Indirect : He says (or tells) Rani that he will help her.
c. Direct speech-এর third person-এর indirect speech-এ কোনো রকম পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন: Direct : He says, “She will do it.”
Indirect : He says that she will do it.
Note : i. Direct speech-এর reporting verb রূপে কখনো verb “to tell’’ ব্যবহার হয় না। যেমন: Inc.: He told me, “I am well.”
Cor.: He said to me, “I am well.”
ii. ব্যক্তিবাচক অর্থাৎ Indirect object ছাড়া Indirect speech-এর verb to tell ব্যবহূত হয় না। Inc. He told that he was well.
Cor. He said that he was well.
Assertive sentence
i. Assertive sentence-এর indirect speech-এ reporting verb of saying-কে পরিবর্তন না করলেও চলে। তবে object থাকলে “tell” verb-ও ব্যবহূত হয়। উভয় স্থলে that দিয়ে যোগ করা হয়ে থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : Luna said to Rina, “I helped you.”
Indirect : Luna said to or told. Rina that he had helped him.
Direct : She said to me, “I love you.”
Indirect : She said to or told. me that she loved me.
ii. Let যদি order বোঝায়, তাহলে indirect speech-এর reporting verb of saying পরিবর্তিত হয় না এবং might be allowed to দিয়ে let স্থানান্তরিত হয়। সাধারণ নিয়মে let-এর আগে to বসিয়েও পরিবর্তন করা যায়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, “Let him go.”
Indirect : He said to me that he might (or might be allowed to) go. Or, He ordered me to let him go.
Optative Sentence
Optative sentence-এর indirect speech-এ
i. Reporting verb of saying-কে অর্থ অনুসারে wish, bless প্রভৃতি verb-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। ii. That দিয়ে যোগ করতে হয়। iii. Assertive-এ পরিণত হয়, অর্থা ৎ subject-এর পরে verb বসে। যেমন:
Direct : We said, “Long live our Prime Minister”
Indirect : We prayed that our Prime Minister might live long.
Direct : Mother said to me, “May Allah save you.”
Indirect : Mother wished or blessed me that Allah might save me.
Exclamatory sentence
Exclamatory sentence-এর indirect speech-এ
i. Reporting verb of saying পরিবর্তন হয়ে wonder, cry out, exclaim প্রভৃতি হয়। ii. Exclamation-এর ভাবটি সুস্পষ্ট হয় এমন word বা phrase যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন:
Direct : The man said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect : The man cried out in sorrow that that he was undone.
Direct : The students said, “Hurrah! Our team has won the game.” Indirect : The students shouted or exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
iii. যেসব exclamatory Sentence-এর প্রথমে আতিশয্য বোঝাতে how বা what থাকে, এদের Indirect speech-এ how বা what- এর পরিবর্তে great, very, much প্রভৃতি ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : He said, “How nice the bird is!”
Indirect : He cried out, shouted, or exclaimed in wonder that the bird was very nice.
Direct : He said, “What a fool the man is”
Indirect : He exclaimed that the man was a great fool.
# নিচে কিছু ব্যতিক্রম Narration দেওয়া হলো:
Direct : What are you doing?
Indirect : The speaker asked the person spoken to what he was doing.
Direct : He said to me, “Tell it again to me, sir”
Indirect : He asked me with respect to tell it again to him.
Direct : The man said to him, “You are a fool.”
Indirect : The man called him a fool.
Direct : He said to me, “Good night, Sir.”
Indirect : He bade me good night with respect.
Direct : He said to me, “Thanks.”
Indirect : He thanked me.
Direct : I said to him, “What is your father’s name? He said, “Tony.”
Indirect : I asked him what his father name was. He replied that his father name was Tony.
Assertive sentence
i. Rana says, “I am busy.”
ii. I told him that I would go to Dhaka the next day.
iii. He said, “I can do it.”
iv. She said, “I may go to school.”
v. Luna Said, “I went to school.”
Interrogative sentence
i. He said to me, “Are you reading my book?”
ii. The teacher asked the students why they were talking in the class.
iii. Father said to his son, “What are you doing?”
iv. Kasem said to Anwar, “Have you sent the news to Rina’s mother?”
v. Mother asked me if I would go to school.
Imperative sentence
i. He said to e, “Please help me.”
ii. The captain said to the soldiers, “March on.”
iii. Father advised me to speak the truth always.
iv. He said to me, “Let us go for a walk.”
v. Father forbade his sons to quarrel.
Answers to the questions:
Assertive sentence
i. Rana says that he is busy.
ii. I said to him, “I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.”
iii. He said that he could do it.
iv. She said that she might go to school.
v. Luna said that she had gone to school.
Interrogative sentence
i. He asked me if I was reading his book.
ii. The teacher said to the students, “Why are you talking in the class?”
iii. Father asked his son what he was doing.
iv. Kasem asked Anwar if he had sent the news to Rina’s mother.
v. Mother said to me, “Will you go to school?”
Imperative sentence
i. He requested me to help him.
ii. The captain said to the soldiers to march on.
iii. Father said to me, “Always speak the truth.”
iv. He proposed to me that we should go for a walk.
v. Father said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel.”
i. Assertive sentence-এর indirect speech-এ reporting verb of saying-কে পরিবর্তন না করলেও চলে। তবে object থাকলে “tell” verb-ও ব্যবহূত হয়। উভয় স্থলে that দিয়ে যোগ করা হয়ে থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : Luna said to Rina, “I helped you.”
Indirect : Luna said to or told. Rina that he had helped him.
Direct : She said to me, “I love you.”
Indirect : She said to or told. me that she loved me.
ii. Let যদি order বোঝায়, তাহলে indirect speech-এর reporting verb of saying পরিবর্তিত হয় না এবং might be allowed to দিয়ে let স্থানান্তরিত হয়। সাধারণ নিয়মে let-এর আগে to বসিয়েও পরিবর্তন করা যায়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, “Let him go.”
Indirect : He said to me that he might (or might be allowed to) go. Or, He ordered me to let him go.
Optative Sentence
Optative sentence-এর indirect speech-এ
i. Reporting verb of saying-কে অর্থ অনুসারে wish, bless প্রভৃতি verb-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। ii. That দিয়ে যোগ করতে হয়। iii. Assertive-এ পরিণত হয়, অর্থা ৎ subject-এর পরে verb বসে। যেমন:
Direct : We said, “Long live our Prime Minister”
Indirect : We prayed that our Prime Minister might live long.
Direct : Mother said to me, “May Allah save you.”
Indirect : Mother wished or blessed me that Allah might save me.
Exclamatory sentence
Exclamatory sentence-এর indirect speech-এ
i. Reporting verb of saying পরিবর্তন হয়ে wonder, cry out, exclaim প্রভৃতি হয়। ii. Exclamation-এর ভাবটি সুস্পষ্ট হয় এমন word বা phrase যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন:
Direct : The man said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect : The man cried out in sorrow that that he was undone.
Direct : The students said, “Hurrah! Our team has won the game.” Indirect : The students shouted or exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
iii. যেসব exclamatory Sentence-এর প্রথমে আতিশয্য বোঝাতে how বা what থাকে, এদের Indirect speech-এ how বা what- এর পরিবর্তে great, very, much প্রভৃতি ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : He said, “How nice the bird is!”
Indirect : He cried out, shouted, or exclaimed in wonder that the bird was very nice.
Direct : He said, “What a fool the man is”
Indirect : He exclaimed that the man was a great fool.
# নিচে কিছু ব্যতিক্রম Narration দেওয়া হলো:
Direct : What are you doing?
Indirect : The speaker asked the person spoken to what he was doing.
Direct : He said to me, “Tell it again to me, sir”
Indirect : He asked me with respect to tell it again to him.
Direct : The man said to him, “You are a fool.”
Indirect : The man called him a fool.
Direct : He said to me, “Good night, Sir.”
Indirect : He bade me good night with respect.
Direct : He said to me, “Thanks.”
Indirect : He thanked me.
Direct : I said to him, “What is your father’s name? He said, “Tony.”
Indirect : I asked him what his father name was. He replied that his father name was Tony.
Assertive sentence
i. Rana says, “I am busy.”
ii. I told him that I would go to Dhaka the next day.
iii. He said, “I can do it.”
iv. She said, “I may go to school.”
v. Luna Said, “I went to school.”
Interrogative sentence
i. He said to me, “Are you reading my book?”
ii. The teacher asked the students why they were talking in the class.
iii. Father said to his son, “What are you doing?”
iv. Kasem said to Anwar, “Have you sent the news to Rina’s mother?”
v. Mother asked me if I would go to school.
Imperative sentence
i. He said to e, “Please help me.”
ii. The captain said to the soldiers, “March on.”
iii. Father advised me to speak the truth always.
iv. He said to me, “Let us go for a walk.”
v. Father forbade his sons to quarrel.
Answers to the questions:
Assertive sentence
i. Rana says that he is busy.
ii. I said to him, “I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.”
iii. He said that he could do it.
iv. She said that she might go to school.
v. Luna said that she had gone to school.
Interrogative sentence
i. He asked me if I was reading his book.
ii. The teacher said to the students, “Why are you talking in the class?”
iii. Father asked his son what he was doing.
iv. Kasem asked Anwar if he had sent the news to Rina’s mother.
v. Mother said to me, “Will you go to school?”
Imperative sentence
i. He requested me to help him.
ii. The captain said to the soldiers to march on.
iii. Father said to me, “Always speak the truth.”
iv. He proposed to me that we should go for a walk.
v. Father said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel.”
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