Tuesday, May 8, 2012

Super note on Right forms of verbs

Right form of verb
ইংরেজি ভাষায় একটি sentence-এ ব্যবহূত প্রতিটি word-ই কোনো না কোনো কাজ করে থাকে। প্রতিটি word-এর মধ্যে verb সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সাধারণত যে word দ্বারা কোনো কিছু করা, হওয়া, থাকা বোঝায় তাকে verb বলে। Verb is the heart of Sentence. অর্থাৎ verb-কে বাক্যের প্রাণ বলা হয়ে থাকে। Latin শব্দ verbum থেকে শব্দটির উৎপত্তি। বাক্যের গঠনশৈলীতে noun-এর পরেই verb-এর স্থান। এই verb noun, pronoun এবং object-কে বিশেষভাবে গতিশীল করে রাখে। Verb ছাড়া কোনো Sentence তৈরি করা যায় না। Verb-গুলো সাধারণত voice, tense, mood, narration and sentence পরিবর্তনে সহায়তা করে থাকে। একটি sentence-এ দুই ধরনের verb ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, principal verb and auxiliary verb.
1. Principal verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকাশের জন্য অন্যের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হয়, তাকে principal verb বলে।
Auxiliary verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার sentence অথবা tense, voice বা mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb-কে সাহায্য করে থাকে, তাকে auxiliary verb বলে।
Example : Rana is writing an application.
তোমাদের মনে রাখতে হবে যে, একই verb, principle and auxiliary দুইভাবেই ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, I am a student. এখানে ‘am’ principle verb.
আবার, I am writing a letter. এখানে ‘am’ auxiliary verb.
Principle verb and auxiliary verb ছাড়াও finite verb, non-finite verb, transitive verb and intransitive verb রয়েছে, এগুলো গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।
নিয়ম: Sentence যদি present indefinite tense হয় এবং subject third person singular number হয় তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হবে।
She (write) a letter.
Ans. : She writes a letter.
The baby (cry). Ans. : The baby cries.
Right form of verb
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, গতকালের পর আঁঁঁঁজ এনসিটিবি কর্তৃক প্রণীত সিলেবাসের ৭ নম্বর প্রশ্ন ‘রাইট ফর্ম অব ভার্ব’ আলোচনা করব।
নিয়ম: কোনো sentence-এ যদি sometimes, often, always, regularly, daily, everyday, usually, generally, normally, occasionally ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং নিদিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না খাকে তবে sentence-টি present indefinite হবে। যেমন:
a. Usually father (walk) in the morning.
Ans. : Usually father walks in the morning.
b. He (get) up early in the morning everyday.
Ans. : He gets up early in the morning everyday.
c. Anwar sometimes (work) in his flower garden.
Ans. : Anwar sometimes works in his flower garden.
নিয়ম: কোনো sentence-এ যদি already, yet, ever, just, just now, recently, lately, recently, today, this week/year, in the mean time, never, ever ইত্যাদি যুক্ত থাকে তাহলে sentence-টি present perfect tense হবে। যেমন:
a. Have you ever (be) to Cox-Bazar?
Ans. : Have you ever been to Cox-Bazar?
b. I (receive) the letter just now.
Ans. : I have received the letter just now.
c. He (join) there recently.
Ans. : He has joined there recently.
d. I (not see) you this week.
Ans. : I have not seen you this week.
নিয়ম: Yesterday, ago, long since, long before, last night, last weak, last month, day before yesterday ইত্যাদি অতীতসূচক শব্দ বা phrase sentence-এ থাকলে past indefinite tense অর্থাৎ verb-এর past form হয়। যেমন:
a. I (draw) a picture yesterday.
Ans. : 1 drew a picture yesterday.
b. I (get) the parcel last month.
Ans. : I got the parcel last month.
c. You (visit) there long before.
Ans. : You visited there long before.
নিয়ম: সাধারণত, tomorrow, the after tomorrow, next, in future, in the time to come ইত্যাদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক বাক্য word/phrase থাকলে verb-এর future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
a. We (not go) there in future.
Ans. : We shall not go there in future.
b. Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
Ans. : Neela will come from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
নিয়ম: Before দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে before-এর পূর্বের অংশে Past perfect tense-এর পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
a. We (reach) our school before the bell rang.
Ans. : We had reached our school before the bell rang.
b. The patient had died before the doctor (come).
Ans. : The patient had died before the doctor came.
নিয়ম: After দ্বারা দুটি past tense যুক্ত থাকলে এর পূর্বের অংশ past indefinite tense এবং পরের অংশ past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
a. They arrived the station after the train (leave).
Ans. : They arrived the station after the train had left.
b. The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans. : The patient died after the doctor had come.
নিয়ম: No sooner had ............. than,
Scarcely had .......... when,
Hardly had .......... when,
প্রথম অংশ past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয়, অর্থাৎ verb-এর past participle form হয়। দ্বিতীয় অংশ past indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয়, অর্থাৎ verb-এর past form হয়। যেমন:
a. No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans. : No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.
b. Scarcely had he (arrive) at the bus stand when the bus (leave).
Ans. : Scarcely had he arrived at the bus stand when the bus left.
c. Hardly had the snatcher (take) the chain when he (run) away.
Ans. : Hardly had the snatcher taken the chain when he ran away.
নিয়ম: সাধারণত since দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং since-এর পূর্বের অংশ present indefinite/present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ past indefinite tense হয়, যেমন:
a. It is many years since he (give) up smoking.
Ans. : It is many years since he gave up smoking.
b. Five years have passed since he (leave) the house.
Ans. : Five years have passed since he left the house.
নিয়ম: আবার since দ্বারা clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং since-এর পূর্বে clause বা বাক্যের অংশ past indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ verb-এর past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
a. Many years passed since I (meet) him last.
Ans. : Many years passed since I had met him last.
b. It was many years since I (visit) there.
Ans. : It was many years since I had visited there.
নিয়ম: Passive voice-এ সর্বদা verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন:
a. This work was (do) by him.
Ans. : This work was done by him.
b. The problem has been (solve) by him.
Ans. : The problem has been solved by him.
c. The school was (close) for sine die.
Ans. : The school was closed for sine die.
নিয়ম: Simple sentence-এ দুটি verb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় verb-টির পূর্বে to বসে। যেমন:
a. He saw the boy (play) in the field.
Ans. : He saw the boy playing in the field.
b. I heard him (speak).
Ans. : I heard him speaking.
c. He helps me (make) the house.
Ans. : He helps me making the house.
Note : দ্বিতীয় verb-টি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয় তবে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর পূর্বে to বসে।
a. I went to the library (read) newspaper.
Ans. : I went to the library to read newspaper.
b. He repaired the boat (sell) it.
Ans. : He repaired the boat to sell it.
নিয়ম: Modal Auxiliary verb যেমন can, could, may, might, should, would, ought to, used to, must ইত্যাদি থাকলে মূল Verb-এর Present form হয়। যেমন: a. He can (do) it easily. Ans. : He can do it easily.
b. Everybody should (respect) his parents.
Ans. : Everybody should respect his parents.
c. It may (rain) today. Ans. : It may rain today.
নিয়ম: সাধারণত, Sentence-এ ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ বা Phrase যেমন Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future, next ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Indefinite tense হবে এবং Verb-এর Present form বসবে। যেমন: a. I (go) to Dhaka tomorrow. Ans. : I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.
b. He (join) there the next day.
Ans. : He will join there the next day.
নিয়ম: Sentence-এর Subject Singular Number হলে Verb Singular হয় এবং Subject Plural হলে Verb plural Number হয়। যেমন:
a. The taste of the mangoes (to be) sour.
Ans. : The taste of the mangoes is sour.
b. The flowers of the garden (to be) beautiful.
Ans. : The flowers of the garden are beautiful.
c. These papers (to be) printed. *
Ans. : These papers are printed.
নিয়ম: মূল Verb-এর পূর্বে to be বা having থাকলে Verb-এর Past participle form হয়। যেমন:
a. A community centre is going to be (establish). Ans. : A community centre is going to be established.
b. I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee.
Ans. : I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
c. He went home (have) his salary.
Ans. : He went home having his salary.
নিয়ম: সাধারণত It is time, It is high time, wish ইত্যাদির পরে Subject ও bracket-এ মূল Verb থাকলে Verb-এর Past form হয়। যেমন:
a. It is time you (finish) a course on English language. Ans. : It is time you finished a course on English language.
b. I wish I (sing). Ans. : I wish I sang.
আবার, It is time, It is high time-এর পর যদি bracket-এ মূল Verb থাকে তবে তার পূর্বে to বসে এবং Verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
a. It is time (play) Ans. : It is time to play.
b. It is high time (stand) by the flood-affected people. Ans.: It is high time to stand by the flood-affected people.
 নিয়ম: As if, as though, wish ইত্যাদি থাকলে Subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে। যেমন:
a. He behaves as if he (be) a leader.
Ans. : He behaves as if he were a leader.
b. I wish I (be) a millionaire.
Ans. : I wish I were a millionaire.
নিয়ম: As if, as though দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে প্রথম clause-টি present tense হলে পরবর্তী clause-টি past indefinite হয়। প্রথম clause-টি past tense হলে পরের clause-টি past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
a. He behaves as if he (buy) the car.
Ans. : He behaves as if he bought the car.
b. He spoke as though he (do) a great task.
Ans. : He spoke as though he had done a great task.
নিয়ম: While যুক্ত sentence-এ while-এর পরে verb থাকলে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার,
While-এর পরে subject থাকলে past continuous tense হয়। যেমন:
a. While (take) dinner, he received the phone.
Ans. : While taking dinner, he received the phone.
b. While I (play) in the field, I saw him coming.
Ans. : While I was playing in the field, I saw him coming.
নিয়ম: Lest দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে lest-এর পরবর্তী subject-এর সঙ্গে auxiliary verb should / might বসে। যেমন:
a. Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans. : Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
b. Walk fast lest you (be) late in your class.
Ans. : Walk fast lest you might be late in your class.
নিয়ম: Would that দ্বারা sentence শুরু হলে subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল verb-এর present form হয়। যেমন:
a. Would that I (be) a bird!
Ans. : Would that I could be a bird!
b. Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar
Ans. : Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar!
নিয়ম: সাধারণত Each, one of, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি দ্বারা কোনো subject গঠিত হলে সেটি 3rd person singular number হয়। তাই এদের পরের verb-টিও singular number হয়। যেমন—
a. Each boy (come) here.
Ans. : Each boy comes here.
b. One of them (to be) guilty.
Ans. : One of them is guilty.
c. Everybody (wish) to be happy.
Ans. : Everybody wishes to be happy.
নিয়ম: Adjective-এর পূর্বে the বসলে subject-টি plural হয় এবং সেই অনুযায়ী verb বসে। যেমন:
a. The virtuous (to be) blessed.
Ans. : The virtuous are blessed.
b. The poor (live) from hand to mouth.
Ans. : The poor live from hand to mouth.
নিয়ম: Titles, names, phrase of measurement দেখতে plural হয় singular verb হয়। যেমন:
a. Thirty miles (to be) a long way.
Ans. : Thirty miles is a long way.
b. Star wars (to be) an excellent movie.
Ans. : Star wars is an excellent movie.
c. Eight hours (to be) a long time to work.
Ans. : Eight hours is a long time to work.
নিয়ম: কোনো Sentence ‘It’ দ্বারা শুরু হলে পরবর্তী verb singular হয়। যেমন:
a. It (to be) difficult to do.
Ans. : It is difficult to do.
b. It (to be) you .who have done this.
Ans. : It is you who have done this.
নিয়ম: কোনো Sentence যদি introductory There দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং তারপর singular number থাকে, there-এর singular verb হয়। আর যদি there-এর পর plural number থাকে তবে plural verb হয়। যেমন:
a. There (to be) a big river beside our village. Ans. : There was a big river beside our village.
b. There (to be) a lot of work left for us.
Ans. : There were a lot of work left for us.
নিয়ম: Let, had better, had rather, would better, would rather ইত্যাদি থাকলে form বসে। যেমন:
a. I would rather die than (beg) .
Ans. : I would rather die than beg.
b. Would you let me (go) there?
Ans. : Would you let me go there?
নিয়ম: If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ present indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ future indefinite হয়, অর্থাৎ structure-টি হয়—
if + present + future. যেমন:
a. If you work hard, you (prosper) In life.
Ans. : If you work hard, you will prosper in life.
b. If he reads more he (pass) In the examination.
Ans. : If he reads more, he will pass in the examination.
নিয়ম: If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ subject-এর পরে would/could/might বসে এবং verb-এর present form হয়। অর্থাৎ, structure-টি হয়: If + past indefinite + (subject + would/could/might + verb-এর Present form) যেমন:
a. If he agreed, I (give) the money.
Ans. : If he agreed, I would give the money.
b. If you studied, you (get) a good result.
Ans. : If you studied, you would get a good result.
c. If they tried, they (succeed).
Ans. : If they tried, they would succeed.
নিয়ম: If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ subject-এর পরে would have/ could have/ might have বসে এবং verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন: a. If you had finished it sincerely, you (get) a profit.
Ans. : If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.
b. If I had possessed vast wealth, I (help) the poor people.
Ans. : If I had possessed vast wealth, I would have helped the poor people.
c. If he had met his teacher, he (solve) the problems.
Ans. : If he had met his teacher, he would have solved the problems.

1 comment:

kuasha420 said...

Thanks for your hard work. I appreciate your efforts!
Cheers.

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