Narration
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের grammar-এর ওপর দক্ষতা বৃদ্ধির জন্য সম্পূর্ণ সিলেবাসের ওপর ধারাবাহিক আলোচনা ও নমুনা প্রশ্ন নিয়মিতভাবে দেওয়া হচ্ছে। আজ তোমাদের জন্য item no-12: Narration আলোচনা করব। মনে রাখবে, তোমাদের পরীক্ষায় শুধু তিনটি ধাপ থেকে প্রশ্ন আসবে। ধাপগুলো হলো:
(1) Assertive (2) Interrogative and (3) Imperative
সহজ ভাষায় বলতে গেলে বক্তার বক্তব্যই Speech বা Narration. Narration শব্দের অর্থ হলো উক্তি। কোনো বক্তার বক্তব্য অন্যের ভাষায় প্রকাশ করাকে narration বলে। Speech বা Narration-কে দুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যেমন: Direct speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
Indirect speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
Direct speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথাকে হুবহু উদ্ধৃত করলে বা প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Direct speech বলা হয়। যেমন: Rana says, “I shall do it.”
Indirect speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথা (speech) inverted comma-এর (“ “) মধ্যে রাখা হয়। এবার এই বক্তব্য উদ্ধৃত না করে আমরা তার বক্তব্যকে report করতে পারি। তাকে Indirect speech বা Reported speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি) বলে। (We may report what he said without quoting his each words. This is called indirect speech or Reported speech).
যেমন: Rana says that he will do it .
Punctuation of Direct speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তির যতি চিহ্ন):
যে উক্তিটির লেখার সময় বাক্যের উদ্ধৃত করা হয়, তাকে Direct speech বলে এবং যে verb-এর সাহায্য report করা হয়, তাকে reporting verb বলে। (The speech which is under quotation marks or inverted commas in writing is called Direct speech and the verb by which it is expressed, is called Reporting verb.) The change of persons
ব্যতিক্রম: যদি কোন universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) বা habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত সত্য) প্রকাশিত হয়, তাহলে reportting verbটি past tense-এর হলেও direct speech-এর verb পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন:
Direct : The teacher said, “Oil lighter than water.”
Indirect : The teacher said that oil is light than water.
Direct : Father said, “Unity is strength.”
Indirect : Father said that unity is strength.
Note : Infinitive-এর কখনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। সেজন্য Indirect speech-এ shall, will, can, may, make, did, let, dare, need, see, hear, watch প্রভৃতি পবিবর্তিত হয় কিন্তু এদের পর ব্যবহত verbগুলোর কোনো পরির্বতন হয় না। কারণ, এরা মূলত infinitive এবং active voice-এ উহ্য থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : He said, “I shall write a letter.”
Indirect : He said that he would write a letter.
Direct : The man said, “I may wait for a day.”
Indirect : The man said that he might wait for a day.
Direct : The man said, “I see the boy go every day.”
Indiect : The man said that he saw the boy go every day.
নিচের নৈকট্যবাচক wordগুলো পরিবর্তিত হয়ে দূরত্ববাচক word-এ পরিণত হয়।
Direct : He said, “I told her yesterday.”
Indirect : He said that he had told her the previous day.
Direct : Mina said, “I shall go tomorrow.”
Indirect : Mina said that she would go the following day.
Assertive sentence : Assertive sentence-এর indirect speech-এ reporting verb of saying-কে পরিবর্তন না করলেও চলে। তবে object থাকলে “Tell” verbও ব্যবহত হয়। উভয় স্থলে that দিয়ে যোগ করা হয়ে থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : Luna said to Rina, “I helped you.”
Indirect : Luna said to (or told) Rina that he had helped him.
Direct : She said to me, “I love you.”
Indirect : She said to (or told) me that she loved me.
(ii) Let যদি order বুঝায়, তাহলে indirect speech-এর reporting vreb of saying পরিবর্তিত হয় না এবং might be allowed to দিয়ে let স্থানান্তরিত হয়। সাধারণ নিয়মে let-এর আগে to বসিয়েও পরিবর্তন করা যায়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, “Let him go.”
Indirect : He said to me that he might (or might be allowed to) go.
Or, He ordered me to let him go.
Optative Sentence: Optative sentence-এর indirect speech-এ reporting verb of saying-কে অর্থ অনুসারে wish, bless প্রভৃতি verb-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়, that দিয়ে যোগ করতে হয়। Assertive-এ পরিণত হয় অর্থাৎ subject-এর পর verb বসে। যেমন:
Direct : We said, “Long live our Prime Minister.”
Indirect : We prayed that our Prime Minister may live long.
Direct : Mother said to me, “May Allah save you.”
Indirect : Mother wished or blessed me that Allah might save me.
Exclamatory sentence : Exclamatory Sentence-এর Indirect speech-এ Reporting verb of saying পরিবর্তিত হয়ে wonder, cry out, exclaim প্রভৃতি হয়।
(ii) এমন word বা phrase যোগ করতে হয়, যাতে exclamation-এর ভাবটি সুস্পষ্ট হয়ে ওঠে। যেমন:
Direct : The man said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect : The man cried out in sorrow that he was undone
Direct : The students said, “Hurrah! Our team has won the game.”
Indirect : The students shouted or exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
iii) যেসব exclamatory sentence-এর প্রথমে আতিশয্য বুঝাতে how বা what থাকে, এদের Indirect speech-এ how বা what-এর পরিবর্তে great, very, much প্রভৃতি ব্যবহূত হয়।
Direct : He said, “How nice the bird is!”
Indirect : He cried out or shouted or exclaimed in wonder that the bird was very nice.
Direct : He said, “What a fool the man is!”
Indirect : He exclaimed that the man was a great fool.
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা, নিচে কিছু ব্যতিক্রম narration আলোকপাত করা হলো শুধু জেনে রাখার সুবিধার্থে। মনে রাখবে, JSC পরীক্ষায় নিয়মের বাইরে থেকে কোনো প্রশ্ন থাকবে না।
Direct : What are you doing?
Indirect : The speaker asked the person spoken to what he was doing.
Direct : He said to me, “Tell it again to me, sir”
Indirect : He asked me with respect to tell it again to him.
Direct : The man said to him, “You are a fool.”
Indirect : The man called him a fool.
Direct : He said to me, “Good night, Sir.”
Indirect : He bade me good night with respect.
Direct : He said to me, “Thanks.”
Indirect : He thanked me.
Direct : I said to him, “What is your father’s name? “He said.” Rony.
Indirect : I asked him what his father’s name was. He replied that his father name was Rony.
Self Test: এবার তোমরা narration lesson থেকে একটি যাচাই পরীক্ষা দিয়ে দাও:
Assertive
(i) Rana says, “I am busy.”
(ii) I told him that I would go to Dhaka the next day.
(iii) He said, “I can do it.”
(iv) She said, “I may go to school. “
(v) Luna Said, “I went to school.”
Interrogative
(vi) He said to me, “Are you reading my book?”
(vii) The teacher asked the students why they were talking in the class.
(viii) Father said to his son, “What are you doing?”
(ix) Kasem said to Anwar, “Have you sent the news to Rina’s mother?”
(x) Mother asked me if I would go to school.
Imperative
(xi) He said to me, “Please help me.”
(xii) The captain said to the soldiers, “March on.”
(xiii) Father advised me to speak the truth always.
(xiv) He said to me, “Let us go for a walk.”
(xv) Father forbade his sons to quarrel.
# এবার সঠিক উত্তরের সঙ্গে মিলিয়ে নাও।
Assertive:
(i) Rana says that he is busy.
(ii) I said to him, “I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.” (iii) He said that he could do it.
(iv) She said that she might go to school.
(v) Luna said that she had gone to school.
Interrogative:
(vi) He asked me if I was reading his book.
(vii) The teacher said to the students, “Why are you talking in the class?”
(viii) Father asked his son what he was doing.
(ix) Kasem asked Anwar if he had sent the news to Rina’s mother.
(x) Mother said to me, “Will you go to school?”
Imperative:
(xi) He requested me to help him.
(xii) The captain said to the soldiers to march on. (xiii) Father said to me, “Always speak the truth.” (xiv) He proposed to me that we should go for a walk.
(xv) Father said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel.”
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের grammar-এর ওপর দক্ষতা বৃদ্ধির জন্য সম্পূর্ণ সিলেবাসের ওপর ধারাবাহিক আলোচনা ও নমুনা প্রশ্ন নিয়মিতভাবে দেওয়া হচ্ছে। আজ তোমাদের জন্য item no-12: Narration আলোচনা করব। মনে রাখবে, তোমাদের পরীক্ষায় শুধু তিনটি ধাপ থেকে প্রশ্ন আসবে। ধাপগুলো হলো:
(1) Assertive (2) Interrogative and (3) Imperative
সহজ ভাষায় বলতে গেলে বক্তার বক্তব্যই Speech বা Narration. Narration শব্দের অর্থ হলো উক্তি। কোনো বক্তার বক্তব্য অন্যের ভাষায় প্রকাশ করাকে narration বলে। Speech বা Narration-কে দুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যেমন: Direct speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
Indirect speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
Direct speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথাকে হুবহু উদ্ধৃত করলে বা প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Direct speech বলা হয়। যেমন: Rana says, “I shall do it.”
Indirect speech: বক্তার নিজস্ব কথা (speech) inverted comma-এর (“ “) মধ্যে রাখা হয়। এবার এই বক্তব্য উদ্ধৃত না করে আমরা তার বক্তব্যকে report করতে পারি। তাকে Indirect speech বা Reported speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি) বলে। (We may report what he said without quoting his each words. This is called indirect speech or Reported speech).
যেমন: Rana says that he will do it .
Punctuation of Direct speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তির যতি চিহ্ন):
যে উক্তিটির লেখার সময় বাক্যের উদ্ধৃত করা হয়, তাকে Direct speech বলে এবং যে verb-এর সাহায্য report করা হয়, তাকে reporting verb বলে। (The speech which is under quotation marks or inverted commas in writing is called Direct speech and the verb by which it is expressed, is called Reporting verb.) The change of persons
ব্যতিক্রম: যদি কোন universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) বা habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত সত্য) প্রকাশিত হয়, তাহলে reportting verbটি past tense-এর হলেও direct speech-এর verb পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন:
Direct : The teacher said, “Oil lighter than water.”
Indirect : The teacher said that oil is light than water.
Direct : Father said, “Unity is strength.”
Indirect : Father said that unity is strength.
Note : Infinitive-এর কখনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। সেজন্য Indirect speech-এ shall, will, can, may, make, did, let, dare, need, see, hear, watch প্রভৃতি পবিবর্তিত হয় কিন্তু এদের পর ব্যবহত verbগুলোর কোনো পরির্বতন হয় না। কারণ, এরা মূলত infinitive এবং active voice-এ উহ্য থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : He said, “I shall write a letter.”
Indirect : He said that he would write a letter.
Direct : The man said, “I may wait for a day.”
Indirect : The man said that he might wait for a day.
Direct : The man said, “I see the boy go every day.”
Indiect : The man said that he saw the boy go every day.
নিচের নৈকট্যবাচক wordগুলো পরিবর্তিত হয়ে দূরত্ববাচক word-এ পরিণত হয়।
Direct : He said, “I told her yesterday.”
Indirect : He said that he had told her the previous day.
Direct : Mina said, “I shall go tomorrow.”
Indirect : Mina said that she would go the following day.
Assertive sentence : Assertive sentence-এর indirect speech-এ reporting verb of saying-কে পরিবর্তন না করলেও চলে। তবে object থাকলে “Tell” verbও ব্যবহত হয়। উভয় স্থলে that দিয়ে যোগ করা হয়ে থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : Luna said to Rina, “I helped you.”
Indirect : Luna said to (or told) Rina that he had helped him.
Direct : She said to me, “I love you.”
Indirect : She said to (or told) me that she loved me.
(ii) Let যদি order বুঝায়, তাহলে indirect speech-এর reporting vreb of saying পরিবর্তিত হয় না এবং might be allowed to দিয়ে let স্থানান্তরিত হয়। সাধারণ নিয়মে let-এর আগে to বসিয়েও পরিবর্তন করা যায়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, “Let him go.”
Indirect : He said to me that he might (or might be allowed to) go.
Or, He ordered me to let him go.
Optative Sentence: Optative sentence-এর indirect speech-এ reporting verb of saying-কে অর্থ অনুসারে wish, bless প্রভৃতি verb-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়, that দিয়ে যোগ করতে হয়। Assertive-এ পরিণত হয় অর্থাৎ subject-এর পর verb বসে। যেমন:
Direct : We said, “Long live our Prime Minister.”
Indirect : We prayed that our Prime Minister may live long.
Direct : Mother said to me, “May Allah save you.”
Indirect : Mother wished or blessed me that Allah might save me.
Exclamatory sentence : Exclamatory Sentence-এর Indirect speech-এ Reporting verb of saying পরিবর্তিত হয়ে wonder, cry out, exclaim প্রভৃতি হয়।
(ii) এমন word বা phrase যোগ করতে হয়, যাতে exclamation-এর ভাবটি সুস্পষ্ট হয়ে ওঠে। যেমন:
Direct : The man said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect : The man cried out in sorrow that he was undone
Direct : The students said, “Hurrah! Our team has won the game.”
Indirect : The students shouted or exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
iii) যেসব exclamatory sentence-এর প্রথমে আতিশয্য বুঝাতে how বা what থাকে, এদের Indirect speech-এ how বা what-এর পরিবর্তে great, very, much প্রভৃতি ব্যবহূত হয়।
Direct : He said, “How nice the bird is!”
Indirect : He cried out or shouted or exclaimed in wonder that the bird was very nice.
Direct : He said, “What a fool the man is!”
Indirect : He exclaimed that the man was a great fool.
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা, নিচে কিছু ব্যতিক্রম narration আলোকপাত করা হলো শুধু জেনে রাখার সুবিধার্থে। মনে রাখবে, JSC পরীক্ষায় নিয়মের বাইরে থেকে কোনো প্রশ্ন থাকবে না।
Direct : What are you doing?
Indirect : The speaker asked the person spoken to what he was doing.
Direct : He said to me, “Tell it again to me, sir”
Indirect : He asked me with respect to tell it again to him.
Direct : The man said to him, “You are a fool.”
Indirect : The man called him a fool.
Direct : He said to me, “Good night, Sir.”
Indirect : He bade me good night with respect.
Direct : He said to me, “Thanks.”
Indirect : He thanked me.
Direct : I said to him, “What is your father’s name? “He said.” Rony.
Indirect : I asked him what his father’s name was. He replied that his father name was Rony.
Self Test: এবার তোমরা narration lesson থেকে একটি যাচাই পরীক্ষা দিয়ে দাও:
Assertive
(i) Rana says, “I am busy.”
(ii) I told him that I would go to Dhaka the next day.
(iii) He said, “I can do it.”
(iv) She said, “I may go to school. “
(v) Luna Said, “I went to school.”
Interrogative
(vi) He said to me, “Are you reading my book?”
(vii) The teacher asked the students why they were talking in the class.
(viii) Father said to his son, “What are you doing?”
(ix) Kasem said to Anwar, “Have you sent the news to Rina’s mother?”
(x) Mother asked me if I would go to school.
Imperative
(xi) He said to me, “Please help me.”
(xii) The captain said to the soldiers, “March on.”
(xiii) Father advised me to speak the truth always.
(xiv) He said to me, “Let us go for a walk.”
(xv) Father forbade his sons to quarrel.
# এবার সঠিক উত্তরের সঙ্গে মিলিয়ে নাও।
Assertive:
(i) Rana says that he is busy.
(ii) I said to him, “I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.” (iii) He said that he could do it.
(iv) She said that she might go to school.
(v) Luna said that she had gone to school.
Interrogative:
(vi) He asked me if I was reading his book.
(vii) The teacher said to the students, “Why are you talking in the class?”
(viii) Father asked his son what he was doing.
(ix) Kasem asked Anwar if he had sent the news to Rina’s mother.
(x) Mother said to me, “Will you go to school?”
Imperative:
(xi) He requested me to help him.
(xii) The captain said to the soldiers to march on. (xiii) Father said to me, “Always speak the truth.” (xiv) He proposed to me that we should go for a walk.
(xv) Father said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel.”
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