ইংরেজি ভাষায় একটি Sentence এ ব্যবহূত প্রতিটি word-ই কোনো না কোনো কাজ করে
থাকে। প্রতিটি word-এর মধ্যে Verb সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সাধারণত যে word
দ্বারা কোনো কিছু করা, হওয়া, থাকা, বোঝায় তাকে verb বলে। Verb is the heart
of Sentence. তাই Verb কে বাক্যের প্রাণ বলা হয়ে থাকে। Latin শব্দ verbal
থেকে এই শব্দটির উৎপত্তি। বাক্য গঠনশৈলীতে Noun-এর পরই Verb এর স্থান। এই
Verb, Noun, Pronoun এবং Object কে বিশেষভাবে গতিশীল করে রাখে। Verb ছাড়া
কোনো Sentence তৈরি করা যায় না। Verbগুলো সাধারণত Voice, Tense, Mood,
Narrarion and Sentence পরিবর্তনে সহায়তা করে থাকে। একটি Sentence এ দুই
ধরনের Verb ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, Principal verb and Auxiliary verb.
Principal Verb: যে Verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকাশের জন্য অন্যের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হয় না, তাকে Principal Verb বলে।
Example : Rana writes an application.
Auxiliary Verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার Sentence অথবা Tense, Voice বা Mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb কে সাহায্য করে থাকে তাকে Auxiliary Verb বলে।
Example : Rana is writing an application.
তোমাদের মনে রাখতে হবে যে কোনো কোনো সময় একই verb, principle and Auxiliary দুভাবেই ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, I am a student. এখানে ‘am’ Principle verb.
আবার, I am writing a letter. এখানে ‘am’ Auxiliary verb.
Principle Verb and Auxiliary Verb ছাড়াও Finite Verb, Non-Finite Verb, Transitive Verb and Intransitive Verb রয়েছে, এগুলো গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।
1. Sentence যদি Present Indefinite tense হয় এবং Subject Third Person singular number হয়, তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হবে।
She (write) a letter.
Ans : She writes a letter.
The baby (cry). Ans : The baby cries.
2. কোনো Sentence-এ যদি sometimes, often, always, regularly, daily, everyday, usually, generally, normally, occasionally ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং নিদিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না খাকে, তবে Sentenceটি Present Indefinite হবে।
Usually father (walk) in the morning.
Ans : Usually father walks in the morning.
He (get) up early in the morning everyday.
Ans : He gets up early in the morning everyday.
Anwar sometimes (work) in his flower garden.
Ans : Anwar sometimes works in his flower garden.
3. কোনো Sentence-এ যদি already, yet, ever, just, just now, recently, lately, recently, today, this week/year, in the mean time, never, ever ইত্যাদি যুক্ত থাকে, তাহলে Sentenceটি Present perfect tense হবে।
Have you ever (be) to Cox-Bazar?
Ans : Have you ever been to Cox-Bazar?
I (receive) the letter just now.
Ans : I have received the letter just now.
He (join) there recently.
Ans : He has joined there recently.
I (not see) you this week.
Ans : I have not seen you this week.
4. Yesterday, ago, long since, long before, last night, last weak, last month, day before yesterday ইত্যাদি অতীত সূচক শব্দ বা Phrase sentence-এ থাকলে Past Indefinite tense অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।
I (draw) a picture yesterday.
Ans : 1 drew a picture yesterday.
I (get) the parcel last month.
Ans : I got the parcel last month.
You (visit) there long before.
Ans : You visited there long before.
5. সাধারণত tomorrow, the after tomorrow, next, in future, in the time to come ইত্যাদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক বাক্য word/phrase থাকলে verb-এর future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
We (not go) there in future.
Ans : We shall not go there in future.
Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
Ans : Neela will come from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
6. Before দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে before-এর আগের অংশে Past perfect tense-এর পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়।
We (reach) our school before the bell rang.
Ans : We had reached our school before the bell rang.
The patient had died before the doctor (come).
Ans : The patient had died before the doctor came.
7. After দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে এর আগের অংশ Past Indefinite tense এবং পরের অংশ Past perfect tense হয়।
They arrived the station after the train (leave).
Ans : They arrived the station after the train had left.
The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans : The patient died after the doctor had come.
8. No sooner had — than, Scarcely had — when, Hardly had — when: প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয় অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past participle form হবে। দ্বিতীয় অংশ Past Indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয় অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।
No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans : No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.
Scarcely had he (arrive) at the bus stand when the bus (leave).
Ans : Scarcely had he arrived at the bus stand when the bus left.
Hardly had the snatcher (take) the chain when he (run) away.
Ans : Hardly had the snatcher taken the chain when he ran away.
9. সাধারণত Since দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগের অংশ Present Indefinite/Present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
It is many years since he (give) up smoking.
Ans : It is many years since he gave up smoking.
Five years have passed since he (leave) the house.
Ans : Five years have passed since he left the house.
10. আবার Since দ্বারা Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগে Clause বা বাক্যের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Verb-এর Past perfect tense হয়।
Many years passed since I (meet) him last.
Ans : Many years passed since I had met him last.
It was many years since I (visit) there.
Ans : It was many years since I had visited there.
11. Passive voice-এ সর্বদা Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
This work was (do) by him.
Ans : This work was done by him.
The problem has been (solve) by him.
Ans : The problem has been solved by him.
The school was (close) for sine die.
Ans : The school was closed for sine die.
12. Simple Sentence-এ দুটি Verb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় Verbটির আগে to বসে।
He saw the boy (play) in the field.
Ans : He saw the boy playing in the field.
I heard him (speak). Ans : I heard him speaking.
He helps me (make) the house.
Ans : He helps me making the house.
Note :দ্বিতীয় Verbটি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়, তবে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর আগে to বসে।
I went to the library (read) newspaper.
Ans : I went to the library to read newspaper.
He repaired the boat (sell) it.
Ans : He repaired the boat to sell it.
13. Modal Auxiliary verb যেমন, can, could, may, might, should, would, ought to, used to, must ইত্যাদি থাকলে মূল Verb-এর Present form হয়।
He can (do) it easily. Ans : He can do it easily.
Everybody should (respect) his parents.
Ans : Everybody should respect his parents.
It may (rain) today. Ans : It may rain today.
14. সাধারণত Sentence-যদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ বা Phrase যেমন Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future, next ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Indefinite tense হবে এবং Verb-এর Present form বসে।
I (go) to Dhaka tomorrow.
Ans : I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.
He (join) there the next day.
Ans : He will join there the next day.
15. Sentence-এর Subject Singular Number হলে Verb Singular হয় এবং Subject Plural হলে Verb plural Number হয়।
The flowers of the garden (to be) beautiful.
Ans : The flowers of the garden are beautiful.
These papers (to be) printed.
Ans : These papers are printed.
16. মূল Verb-এর আগে to be বা having থাকলে Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee.
Ans : I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
He went home (have) his salary.
Ans : He went home having his salary.
17. সাধারণত It is time, It is high time, wish ইত্যাদির পরে Subject ও bracket এ মূল Verb থাকলে Verb-এর Past form হয়।
It is time you (finish) a course on English language.
Ans : It is time you finished a course on English language.
I wish I (sing). Ans : I wish I sang.
আবার, It is time, It is high time, এর পর যদি bracket এ মূল Verb থাকে, তবে ওই এর আগে to বসবে এবং ওই অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। যেমন:
It is time (play).
18. As if, as though, wish ইত্যাদি থাকলে Subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে।
He behaves as if he (be) a leader. Ans : He behaves as if he were a leader. I wish I (be) a millionaire.
Ans : I wish I were a millionaire.
19. As if, as though দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে প্রথম Clauseটি Present tense হলে পরবর্তী Clauseটি Past Indefinite হয়। প্রথম Clauseটি Past tense হলে পরের Clauseটি Past perfect tense হয়।
He behaves as if he (buy) the car.
Ans : He behaves as if he bought the car.
He spoke as though he (do) a great task.
Ans : He spoke as though he had done a great task.
20. While যুক্ত Sentence-এ While-এর পরে Verb থাকলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার
While-এর পরে Subject থাকলে Past continuous tense হয়।
While (take) dinner, he received the phone.
Ans : While taking dinner, he received the phone.
While I (play) in the field, I saw him coming.
Ans : While I was playing in the field, I saw him coming.
21. Lest দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে Lest-এর পরবর্তী Subject-এর সঙ্গে Auxiliary verb should/might বসে।
Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans : Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
Walk fast lest you (be) late in your class.
Ans : Walk fast lest you might be late in your class.
22. Would that দ্বারা Sentence শুরু হলে Subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল Verb-এর Present
form হয়।
Would that I (be) a bird!
Ans : Would that I could be a bird!
Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar
Ans : Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar!
23. সাধারণত Each, one of, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি দ্বারা কোনো subject-গঠিত হলে সেটি 3rd person singular number হয়; তাই এদের পরের Verbটিও singular number হয়। যেমন,
Each boy (come) here.
Ans : Each boy comes here.
One of them (to be) guilty.
Ans : One of them is guilty.
Everybody (wish) to be happy.
Ans : Everybody wishes to be happy.
24. Adjective-এর আগে the বসলে subjectটি Plural হয় এবং তদনুযায়ী Verb বসে।
The virtuous (to be) blessed.
Ans : The virtuous are blessed.
The poor (live) from hand to mouth.
Ans : The poor live from hand to mouth.
25. Titles, Names, phrase of measurement দেখতে Plural হলে Singular verb হয়।
Thirty miles (to be) a long way.
Ans : Thirty miles is a long way.
Star wars (to be) an excellent movie.
Ans : Star wars is an excellent movie.
Eight hours (to be) a long time to work.
Ans : Eight hours is a long time to work.
26. কোনো Sentence It দ্বারা শুরু হলে পরবর্তী Verb singular হয়।
It (to be) difficult to do.
Ans : It is difficult to do.
It (to be) you .who have done this.
Ans : It is you who have done this.
27. কোনো Sentence যদি Introductory There’ দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং তারপর Singular number থাকে, তবে there-এর Singular verb হয়। আর যদি there-এর পরে Plural Number থাকে, তবে Plural verb হয়।
There (to be) a big river beside our village.
Ans : There was a big river beside our village.
There (to be) a lot of work left for us.
Ans : There were a lot of work left for us.
28. Let, had better, had rather, would better, would rather ইত্যাদি থাকলে form বসে।
I would rather die than (beg) .
Ans : I would rather die than beg.
Would you let me (go) there?
Ans : Would you let me go there?
29. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Present Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Future Indefinite হয় অর্থাৎ Structureটি হয়—
If + Present + Future.
If you work hard, you (prosper) In life.
Ans : If you work hard, you will prosper In life.
If he reads more he (pass) In the examination.
Ans : If he reads more, he will pass in the examination.
30. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would/could/might বসে এবং Verb-এর Present form হয়। অর্থাৎ, Structureটি হয়—
If + past indefinite + (subject + would/could/might +verb-এর Present form)
If he agreed, I (give) the money.
Ans : If he agreed, I would give the money.
If you studied, you (get) a good result.
Ans: If you studied, you would get a good result.
31. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would have/could have/might have বসে এবং Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
If you had finished it sincerely, you (get) a profit.
Ans : If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.
If I had possessed vast wealth, I (help) the poor people.
Ans : If I had possessed vast wealth, I would have helped the poor people.
If he had met his teacher, he (solve) the problems.
Ans : If he had met his teacher, he would have solved the problems.
32.To ব্যতীত Preposition-এর পরের Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
He is now engaged in (read).
Ans : He is now engaged in reading.
One can gather knowledge by (travel).
Ans : One can gather knowledge by traveling.
33. Can not help, could not help, look forward to, with a view to, get used to, mind ইত্যাদির পরে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
He came to Dhaka with a view to (find) a job.
Ans : He came to Dhaka with a view to finding a job.
I cannot help (laugh).
Ans : I cannot help laughing.
34. কোন Sentence-এর শুরুতে Subject-এর স্থানে Verb থাকলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়।
(To swim) is a good exercise.
Ans : Swimming is a good exercise.
(To speak) is an art.
Ans : Speaking is an art.
35. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথমটিতে Subject-এর পর were থাকলে দ্বিতীয় অংশে Subject-এর পরে Would/ could/ might বসে এবং Verb-এর Present From বসে। আবার, Would have/could have/would haveও বসতে পারে। সে ক্ষেত্রে Verb-এর Past participle form বসে।
If I were an artist, I (draw) a nice picture.
Ans : If I were a child, I would draw a nice picture.
If I were a billionaire, I (establish) a hospital for the poor.
Ans : If I were a billionaire, I would establish a hospital for the poor.
Had-এর পরে Subject এবং Verb-এর Past participle থাকলে পরবর্তী Clause-এর Subject-এর পরে Would have/could have/might have + verb-এর Past participle form বসে।
Had I been a teacher, I (talk) the real story to my students.
Ans : Had I been a teacher, I would have talked the real story to my students.
37. Verb ‘to be’ বিহীন Sentenceকে Negative বা Interrogative করতে হলে tense ও Subject-এর number ও person অনুসারে do, does, did ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
We not (play) Ha-du-du.
Ans : We do not play Ha-du-du.
She not (play) football.
Ans : She does not play football.
He not (come) home yesterday.
Ans : He did not come home yesterday.
38. সাধারণত Preposition (on, in of, for, from, by, after at, beyond, upon, against, with, without, before ইত্যাদি) এর পরে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। যেমন:
Rina is busy in (do) her home work.
Ans : Rina is busy in doing her homework.
Helen is neglected for (speak) foolishly.
Ans : Helen is neglected for speaking foolishly.
Keep on (try) hard. Ans : Keep on trying hard.
39. Interrogative sentence যদি who, what, why, which, when, where, whose, how ইত্যাদি question word দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে subject-এর আগে tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Why he (look) so happy?
Ans : Why does he look so happy?
When father (come)?
Ans : When will father come?
What you (say)?
Ans : What do you say?
40. সাধারণত নিচের verb-গুলোর পরে gerund বসে। যেমন: admit, enjoy, report, appreciate, finish, recent, avoid, mind, resist, miss, resume, consider, postpone, risk, delay, practise, suggest, escape, imagine, save, recall, prevent, propose, stop, deny, quit ইত্যাদি।
We enjoy (watch) TV.
Ans: We enjoy watching TV.
I have finished (writing).
Ans: I have finished writing.
Students have finished (write) the exam.
Ans: Students have finished writing the exam.
1. Using the right form of the verbs in the following sentences.
(A)
i) He usually (get) up early in the morning.
ii) When father (come)?
iii) Rina is busy in (do) her home work.
iv) We not (play) Ha-du-du.
v) He is now engaged in (read).
(B)
i) If they tried, they (succeed).
ii) If you work hard, you (prosper) in life.
iii) I (receive) the letter just now.
iv) Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
v) I (get) the parcel last month.
(C)
i) They (work) in the garden at this moment.
ii) Lila not (play) ludu.
iii) The sun (rise) in the east.
iv) He (die) last night.
v) No sooner the thief (see) the police than (run) away.
(D)
i) Had I been a rich man. I (help) the poor.
ii) I can (play) it.
iii) The man is (go) mad.
iv) It (rain) since morning.
v) Walk fast lest you (miss) the train.
(E)
give — leave — try — swim — go — draw
i) They arrived the station after the train—.
ii) It is many years since he — up smoking.
iii) If I were an artist, I — a nice picture.
iv) Keep on — hard. v) — is a good exercise.
(F)
sit — take — see — go — live
i) Once upon a time there — a king.
ii) — on the chair.
iii) I feel like — a cap of tea now.
iv) Many years have passed since I — him.
v) I cannot but — there.
(G)
i) reach be have live to be go
ii) Bread and butter — my desired food.
iii) Rana runs fast as it he — mad.
iv) We — a nice breakfast yesterday.
v) She will — home by 5 pm.
vi) A day labour works hard for—from hand to mouth.
(H)
write — beg — start — call — rain — forget
i) I have — your name.
ii) Do you hear me — you?
iii) I found him —.
iv) I got the letter — by him.
v) It is high time we — for the station.
Answer
(A) i) gets ii) come iii) doing iv) do not play v) reading
(B) i) succeed ii) will prosper iii) have received iv) will come v) got
(C) i) are working ii) does not play iii) rises iv) died v) had seen, ran
(D) i) would have helped ii) play iii) gone iv) has been raining v) should miss
(E) i) had left ii) gave iii) would drawn iv) trying v) swimming
(F) i) lived ii) Sit iii) taking iv) saw v) go
(G) i) is ii) were iii) had iv) reach v) living
(H) i) forgotten ii) calling iii) begging iv) written v) started
Principal Verb: যে Verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকাশের জন্য অন্যের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হয় না, তাকে Principal Verb বলে।
Example : Rana writes an application.
Auxiliary Verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার Sentence অথবা Tense, Voice বা Mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb কে সাহায্য করে থাকে তাকে Auxiliary Verb বলে।
Example : Rana is writing an application.
তোমাদের মনে রাখতে হবে যে কোনো কোনো সময় একই verb, principle and Auxiliary দুভাবেই ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, I am a student. এখানে ‘am’ Principle verb.
আবার, I am writing a letter. এখানে ‘am’ Auxiliary verb.
Principle Verb and Auxiliary Verb ছাড়াও Finite Verb, Non-Finite Verb, Transitive Verb and Intransitive Verb রয়েছে, এগুলো গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।
1. Sentence যদি Present Indefinite tense হয় এবং Subject Third Person singular number হয়, তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হবে।
She (write) a letter.
Ans : She writes a letter.
The baby (cry). Ans : The baby cries.
2. কোনো Sentence-এ যদি sometimes, often, always, regularly, daily, everyday, usually, generally, normally, occasionally ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং নিদিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না খাকে, তবে Sentenceটি Present Indefinite হবে।
Usually father (walk) in the morning.
Ans : Usually father walks in the morning.
He (get) up early in the morning everyday.
Ans : He gets up early in the morning everyday.
Anwar sometimes (work) in his flower garden.
Ans : Anwar sometimes works in his flower garden.
3. কোনো Sentence-এ যদি already, yet, ever, just, just now, recently, lately, recently, today, this week/year, in the mean time, never, ever ইত্যাদি যুক্ত থাকে, তাহলে Sentenceটি Present perfect tense হবে।
Have you ever (be) to Cox-Bazar?
Ans : Have you ever been to Cox-Bazar?
I (receive) the letter just now.
Ans : I have received the letter just now.
He (join) there recently.
Ans : He has joined there recently.
I (not see) you this week.
Ans : I have not seen you this week.
4. Yesterday, ago, long since, long before, last night, last weak, last month, day before yesterday ইত্যাদি অতীত সূচক শব্দ বা Phrase sentence-এ থাকলে Past Indefinite tense অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।
I (draw) a picture yesterday.
Ans : 1 drew a picture yesterday.
I (get) the parcel last month.
Ans : I got the parcel last month.
You (visit) there long before.
Ans : You visited there long before.
5. সাধারণত tomorrow, the after tomorrow, next, in future, in the time to come ইত্যাদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক বাক্য word/phrase থাকলে verb-এর future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
We (not go) there in future.
Ans : We shall not go there in future.
Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
Ans : Neela will come from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
6. Before দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে before-এর আগের অংশে Past perfect tense-এর পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়।
We (reach) our school before the bell rang.
Ans : We had reached our school before the bell rang.
The patient had died before the doctor (come).
Ans : The patient had died before the doctor came.
7. After দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে এর আগের অংশ Past Indefinite tense এবং পরের অংশ Past perfect tense হয়।
They arrived the station after the train (leave).
Ans : They arrived the station after the train had left.
The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans : The patient died after the doctor had come.
8. No sooner had — than, Scarcely had — when, Hardly had — when: প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয় অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past participle form হবে। দ্বিতীয় অংশ Past Indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয় অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।
No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans : No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.
Scarcely had he (arrive) at the bus stand when the bus (leave).
Ans : Scarcely had he arrived at the bus stand when the bus left.
Hardly had the snatcher (take) the chain when he (run) away.
Ans : Hardly had the snatcher taken the chain when he ran away.
9. সাধারণত Since দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগের অংশ Present Indefinite/Present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
It is many years since he (give) up smoking.
Ans : It is many years since he gave up smoking.
Five years have passed since he (leave) the house.
Ans : Five years have passed since he left the house.
10. আবার Since দ্বারা Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগে Clause বা বাক্যের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Verb-এর Past perfect tense হয়।
Many years passed since I (meet) him last.
Ans : Many years passed since I had met him last.
It was many years since I (visit) there.
Ans : It was many years since I had visited there.
11. Passive voice-এ সর্বদা Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
This work was (do) by him.
Ans : This work was done by him.
The problem has been (solve) by him.
Ans : The problem has been solved by him.
The school was (close) for sine die.
Ans : The school was closed for sine die.
12. Simple Sentence-এ দুটি Verb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় Verbটির আগে to বসে।
He saw the boy (play) in the field.
Ans : He saw the boy playing in the field.
I heard him (speak). Ans : I heard him speaking.
He helps me (make) the house.
Ans : He helps me making the house.
Note :দ্বিতীয় Verbটি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়, তবে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর আগে to বসে।
I went to the library (read) newspaper.
Ans : I went to the library to read newspaper.
He repaired the boat (sell) it.
Ans : He repaired the boat to sell it.
13. Modal Auxiliary verb যেমন, can, could, may, might, should, would, ought to, used to, must ইত্যাদি থাকলে মূল Verb-এর Present form হয়।
He can (do) it easily. Ans : He can do it easily.
Everybody should (respect) his parents.
Ans : Everybody should respect his parents.
It may (rain) today. Ans : It may rain today.
14. সাধারণত Sentence-যদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ বা Phrase যেমন Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future, next ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Indefinite tense হবে এবং Verb-এর Present form বসে।
I (go) to Dhaka tomorrow.
Ans : I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.
He (join) there the next day.
Ans : He will join there the next day.
15. Sentence-এর Subject Singular Number হলে Verb Singular হয় এবং Subject Plural হলে Verb plural Number হয়।
The flowers of the garden (to be) beautiful.
Ans : The flowers of the garden are beautiful.
These papers (to be) printed.
Ans : These papers are printed.
16. মূল Verb-এর আগে to be বা having থাকলে Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee.
Ans : I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
He went home (have) his salary.
Ans : He went home having his salary.
17. সাধারণত It is time, It is high time, wish ইত্যাদির পরে Subject ও bracket এ মূল Verb থাকলে Verb-এর Past form হয়।
It is time you (finish) a course on English language.
Ans : It is time you finished a course on English language.
I wish I (sing). Ans : I wish I sang.
আবার, It is time, It is high time, এর পর যদি bracket এ মূল Verb থাকে, তবে ওই এর আগে to বসবে এবং ওই অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। যেমন:
It is time (play).
18. As if, as though, wish ইত্যাদি থাকলে Subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে।
He behaves as if he (be) a leader. Ans : He behaves as if he were a leader. I wish I (be) a millionaire.
Ans : I wish I were a millionaire.
19. As if, as though দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে প্রথম Clauseটি Present tense হলে পরবর্তী Clauseটি Past Indefinite হয়। প্রথম Clauseটি Past tense হলে পরের Clauseটি Past perfect tense হয়।
He behaves as if he (buy) the car.
Ans : He behaves as if he bought the car.
He spoke as though he (do) a great task.
Ans : He spoke as though he had done a great task.
20. While যুক্ত Sentence-এ While-এর পরে Verb থাকলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার
While-এর পরে Subject থাকলে Past continuous tense হয়।
While (take) dinner, he received the phone.
Ans : While taking dinner, he received the phone.
While I (play) in the field, I saw him coming.
Ans : While I was playing in the field, I saw him coming.
21. Lest দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে Lest-এর পরবর্তী Subject-এর সঙ্গে Auxiliary verb should/might বসে।
Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans : Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
Walk fast lest you (be) late in your class.
Ans : Walk fast lest you might be late in your class.
22. Would that দ্বারা Sentence শুরু হলে Subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল Verb-এর Present
form হয়।
Would that I (be) a bird!
Ans : Would that I could be a bird!
Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar
Ans : Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar!
23. সাধারণত Each, one of, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি দ্বারা কোনো subject-গঠিত হলে সেটি 3rd person singular number হয়; তাই এদের পরের Verbটিও singular number হয়। যেমন,
Each boy (come) here.
Ans : Each boy comes here.
One of them (to be) guilty.
Ans : One of them is guilty.
Everybody (wish) to be happy.
Ans : Everybody wishes to be happy.
24. Adjective-এর আগে the বসলে subjectটি Plural হয় এবং তদনুযায়ী Verb বসে।
The virtuous (to be) blessed.
Ans : The virtuous are blessed.
The poor (live) from hand to mouth.
Ans : The poor live from hand to mouth.
25. Titles, Names, phrase of measurement দেখতে Plural হলে Singular verb হয়।
Thirty miles (to be) a long way.
Ans : Thirty miles is a long way.
Star wars (to be) an excellent movie.
Ans : Star wars is an excellent movie.
Eight hours (to be) a long time to work.
Ans : Eight hours is a long time to work.
26. কোনো Sentence It দ্বারা শুরু হলে পরবর্তী Verb singular হয়।
It (to be) difficult to do.
Ans : It is difficult to do.
It (to be) you .who have done this.
Ans : It is you who have done this.
27. কোনো Sentence যদি Introductory There’ দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং তারপর Singular number থাকে, তবে there-এর Singular verb হয়। আর যদি there-এর পরে Plural Number থাকে, তবে Plural verb হয়।
There (to be) a big river beside our village.
Ans : There was a big river beside our village.
There (to be) a lot of work left for us.
Ans : There were a lot of work left for us.
28. Let, had better, had rather, would better, would rather ইত্যাদি থাকলে form বসে।
I would rather die than (beg) .
Ans : I would rather die than beg.
Would you let me (go) there?
Ans : Would you let me go there?
29. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Present Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Future Indefinite হয় অর্থাৎ Structureটি হয়—
If + Present + Future.
If you work hard, you (prosper) In life.
Ans : If you work hard, you will prosper In life.
If he reads more he (pass) In the examination.
Ans : If he reads more, he will pass in the examination.
30. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would/could/might বসে এবং Verb-এর Present form হয়। অর্থাৎ, Structureটি হয়—
If + past indefinite + (subject + would/could/might +verb-এর Present form)
If he agreed, I (give) the money.
Ans : If he agreed, I would give the money.
If you studied, you (get) a good result.
Ans: If you studied, you would get a good result.
31. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would have/could have/might have বসে এবং Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
If you had finished it sincerely, you (get) a profit.
Ans : If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.
If I had possessed vast wealth, I (help) the poor people.
Ans : If I had possessed vast wealth, I would have helped the poor people.
If he had met his teacher, he (solve) the problems.
Ans : If he had met his teacher, he would have solved the problems.
32.To ব্যতীত Preposition-এর পরের Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
He is now engaged in (read).
Ans : He is now engaged in reading.
One can gather knowledge by (travel).
Ans : One can gather knowledge by traveling.
33. Can not help, could not help, look forward to, with a view to, get used to, mind ইত্যাদির পরে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
He came to Dhaka with a view to (find) a job.
Ans : He came to Dhaka with a view to finding a job.
I cannot help (laugh).
Ans : I cannot help laughing.
34. কোন Sentence-এর শুরুতে Subject-এর স্থানে Verb থাকলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়।
(To swim) is a good exercise.
Ans : Swimming is a good exercise.
(To speak) is an art.
Ans : Speaking is an art.
35. If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথমটিতে Subject-এর পর were থাকলে দ্বিতীয় অংশে Subject-এর পরে Would/ could/ might বসে এবং Verb-এর Present From বসে। আবার, Would have/could have/would haveও বসতে পারে। সে ক্ষেত্রে Verb-এর Past participle form বসে।
If I were an artist, I (draw) a nice picture.
Ans : If I were a child, I would draw a nice picture.
If I were a billionaire, I (establish) a hospital for the poor.
Ans : If I were a billionaire, I would establish a hospital for the poor.
Had-এর পরে Subject এবং Verb-এর Past participle থাকলে পরবর্তী Clause-এর Subject-এর পরে Would have/could have/might have + verb-এর Past participle form বসে।
Had I been a teacher, I (talk) the real story to my students.
Ans : Had I been a teacher, I would have talked the real story to my students.
37. Verb ‘to be’ বিহীন Sentenceকে Negative বা Interrogative করতে হলে tense ও Subject-এর number ও person অনুসারে do, does, did ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
We not (play) Ha-du-du.
Ans : We do not play Ha-du-du.
She not (play) football.
Ans : She does not play football.
He not (come) home yesterday.
Ans : He did not come home yesterday.
38. সাধারণত Preposition (on, in of, for, from, by, after at, beyond, upon, against, with, without, before ইত্যাদি) এর পরে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। যেমন:
Rina is busy in (do) her home work.
Ans : Rina is busy in doing her homework.
Helen is neglected for (speak) foolishly.
Ans : Helen is neglected for speaking foolishly.
Keep on (try) hard. Ans : Keep on trying hard.
39. Interrogative sentence যদি who, what, why, which, when, where, whose, how ইত্যাদি question word দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে subject-এর আগে tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Why he (look) so happy?
Ans : Why does he look so happy?
When father (come)?
Ans : When will father come?
What you (say)?
Ans : What do you say?
40. সাধারণত নিচের verb-গুলোর পরে gerund বসে। যেমন: admit, enjoy, report, appreciate, finish, recent, avoid, mind, resist, miss, resume, consider, postpone, risk, delay, practise, suggest, escape, imagine, save, recall, prevent, propose, stop, deny, quit ইত্যাদি।
We enjoy (watch) TV.
Ans: We enjoy watching TV.
I have finished (writing).
Ans: I have finished writing.
Students have finished (write) the exam.
Ans: Students have finished writing the exam.
1. Using the right form of the verbs in the following sentences.
(A)
i) He usually (get) up early in the morning.
ii) When father (come)?
iii) Rina is busy in (do) her home work.
iv) We not (play) Ha-du-du.
v) He is now engaged in (read).
(B)
i) If they tried, they (succeed).
ii) If you work hard, you (prosper) in life.
iii) I (receive) the letter just now.
iv) Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
v) I (get) the parcel last month.
(C)
i) They (work) in the garden at this moment.
ii) Lila not (play) ludu.
iii) The sun (rise) in the east.
iv) He (die) last night.
v) No sooner the thief (see) the police than (run) away.
(D)
i) Had I been a rich man. I (help) the poor.
ii) I can (play) it.
iii) The man is (go) mad.
iv) It (rain) since morning.
v) Walk fast lest you (miss) the train.
(E)
give — leave — try — swim — go — draw
i) They arrived the station after the train—.
ii) It is many years since he — up smoking.
iii) If I were an artist, I — a nice picture.
iv) Keep on — hard. v) — is a good exercise.
(F)
sit — take — see — go — live
i) Once upon a time there — a king.
ii) — on the chair.
iii) I feel like — a cap of tea now.
iv) Many years have passed since I — him.
v) I cannot but — there.
(G)
i) reach be have live to be go
ii) Bread and butter — my desired food.
iii) Rana runs fast as it he — mad.
iv) We — a nice breakfast yesterday.
v) She will — home by 5 pm.
vi) A day labour works hard for—from hand to mouth.
(H)
write — beg — start — call — rain — forget
i) I have — your name.
ii) Do you hear me — you?
iii) I found him —.
iv) I got the letter — by him.
v) It is high time we — for the station.
Answer
(A) i) gets ii) come iii) doing iv) do not play v) reading
(B) i) succeed ii) will prosper iii) have received iv) will come v) got
(C) i) are working ii) does not play iii) rises iv) died v) had seen, ran
(D) i) would have helped ii) play iii) gone iv) has been raining v) should miss
(E) i) had left ii) gave iii) would drawn iv) trying v) swimming
(F) i) lived ii) Sit iii) taking iv) saw v) go
(G) i) is ii) were iii) had iv) reach v) living
(H) i) forgotten ii) calling iii) begging iv) written v) started
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