Conditional sentences

A. First Conditional Sentence:
i) If you agree, I will help you.
ii) If you run in the sun, you become sick.
iii) If you read attentively, you will succeed.
iv) It may rain if the sky is cloudy.
v) If it rains, we will not play.
vi) If you like, you may sing a song.
vii) If you can run fast, you may possess first position.
viii) If you drowsy, you had better go to bed.
ix) If he wants to live a healthy life, he should eat a balanced diet.
x) If anybody rises early, he gets enough time to work.
B. Second Conditional Sentence:
i) If I had a car, I would let you drive it
ii) If I know his address, I would go to visit him.
iii) I would set up hospital if had enough money.
iv) If I were you, I’d buy an expensive car./I would help the poor.
v) If we worked hard, we would get good crops.
vi) If you worked seriously, you might do the work successfully.
vii) If I knew this before, I would not go there.
viii) If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
ix) If we visited him, he would be happy.
x) If were an English teacher, I’d speak English fluently.
এবার তোমরা ওপরের আলোচনা থেকে Conditional lesson-এর ওপর যে জ্ঞান আর্জন করেছ, তার একটি যাচাই পরীক্ষা দিয়ে দাও।
A. Complete the following sentences using first condition:
i) If you drink tea too much, --.
ii) If you run in the sun, --.
iii) If you agree to my proposal, --.
iv) -- if the sky is cloudy.
v) If you clean your teeth regularly, --.
vi) My mother will be worried if --.
vii) If you find money, --.
viii) If I were you, --.
xi) If you helped her, --.
x) -- he will fail in the exam.
B. Complete the following sentences using second condition:
i) If he had enough money, --.
ii) If you were honest, --.
iii) If I were present, --.
iv) -- if I him.
v) -- if I applied for the post.
vi) I would be happy if --.
vii) If I had a pen, --.
viii) If I had enough time, --.
ix) If I had bought a car, --.
Answer :
A. Complete the following sentences using first condition:
i) If you drink tea too much, your activeness will be hampered.
ii) If you run in the sun, you will be sick.
iii) If you agree to my proposal, I will help you.
iv) I will not play if the sky is cloudy.
v) If you clean your teeth regularly, you can enjoy your freshness.
vi) My mother will be worried if I do not study regularly.
vii) If you find money, you should return it to the owner.
viii) If I were you, I will not do it.
ix) If you helped her, she could solve the problem.
x) If he do not study attentively, he will fail in the exam.
B. Complete the following sentences using second condition :
i) If he had enough money, he could buy a car.
ii) If you were honest, you would be
respected by all.
iii) If I were present, I could act like them.
iv) He could be succeeded if I helped him.
v) I could get the job if I applied for the post.
vi) I would be happy if they helped me.
vii) If I had a pen, I would write the exam nicely.
viii) If I had enough time, I would visit her in the hospital.
ix) If I had bought a car, I could take you to a long drive.

Conditional sentences

A. First Conditional Sentence:
i) If you agree, I will help you.
ii) If you run in the sun, you become sick.
iii) If you read attentively, you will succeed.
iv) It may rain if the sky is cloudy.
v) If it rains, we will not play.
vi) If you like, you may sing a song.
vii) If you can run fast, you may possess first position.
viii) If you drowsy, you had better go to bed.
ix) If he wants to live a healthy life, he should eat a balanced diet.
x) If anybody rises early, he gets enough time to work.
B. Second Conditional Sentence:
i) If I had a car, I would let you drive it
ii) If I know his address, I would go to visit him.
iii) I would set up hospital if had enough money.
iv) If I were you, I’d buy an expensive car./I would help the poor.
v) If we worked hard, we would get good crops.
vi) If you worked seriously, you might do the work successfully.
vii) If I knew this before, I would not go there.
viii) If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
ix) If we visited him, he would be happy.
x) If were an English teacher, I’d speak English fluently.
এবার তোমরা ওপরের আলোচনা থেকে Conditional lesson-এর ওপর যে জ্ঞান আর্জন করেছ, তার একটি যাচাই পরীক্ষা দিয়ে দাও।
A. Complete the following sentences using first condition:
i) If you drink tea too much, --.
ii) If you run in the sun, --.
iii) If you agree to my proposal, --.
iv) -- if the sky is cloudy.
v) If you clean your teeth regularly, --.
vi) My mother will be worried if --.
vii) If you find money, --.
viii) If I were you, --.
xi) If you helped her, --.
x) -- he will fail in the exam.
B. Complete the following sentences using second condition:
i) If he had enough money, --.
ii) If you were honest, --.
iii) If I were present, --.
iv) -- if I him.
v) -- if I applied for the post.
vi) I would be happy if --.
vii) If I had a pen, --.
viii) If I had enough time, --.
ix) If I had bought a car, --.
Answer :
A. Complete the following sentences using first condition:
i) If you drink tea too much, your activeness will be hampered.
ii) If you run in the sun, you will be sick.
iii) If you agree to my proposal, I will help you.
iv) I will not play if the sky is cloudy.
v) If you clean your teeth regularly, you can enjoy your freshness.
vi) My mother will be worried if I do not study regularly.
vii) If you find money, you should return it to the owner.
viii) If I were you, I will not do it.
ix) If you helped her, she could solve the problem.
x) If he do not study attentively, he will fail in the exam.
B. Complete the following sentences using second condition :
i) If he had enough money, he could buy a car.
ii) If you were honest, you would be
respected by all.
iii) If I were present, I could act like them.
iv) He could be succeeded if I helped him.
v) I could get the job if I applied for the post.
vi) I would be happy if they helped me.
vii) If I had a pen, I would write the exam nicely.
viii) If I had enough time, I would visit her in the hospital.
ix) If I had bought a car, I could take you to a long drive.

Voice Change complex sentences

COMPLEX SENTENCE

Voice Change:
1. Quasi-passive Verb : Quasi শব্দের অর্থ half বা অর্ধেক। অর্থাৎ half-passive = quasi-passive half, অতএব বলা যায়, যেসব verb passive এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Quasi-passive Verb বলে। এদের passive করতে হলে নিম্নলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
১ নম্বর সূত্র: Sub + be verb + complement + when (if) + it/they + be verb + Verb-এর past participle.
২ নম্বর সূত্র: Subject + be verb + Verb-এর past participle + complement.
Active : Honey tastes sweet.
Passive : Honey is sweet when it is tasted. (১ নম্বর সূত্র)
Honey is tasted sweet. (২ নম্বর সূত্র)
Active : The bed feels soft.
Passive : The bed is soft when it is felt
The bed is felt soft.
Active : This story reads funny.
Passive : This story is funny when it is read.
This story is read funny.

2. Reflexive Verb : যে verb-এর subject ও object একই ব্যক্তি, তাকে Reflexive verb বলে এবং Object-টিকে Reflexive object বলে। একে subject করা যায় না। একে by-এর পরই রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He hurt himself.
Passive : He was hurt by himself.
Active : She killed herself.
Passive : She was killed by herself.
Active : He poisoned himself.
Passive : He was poisoned by himself.

3. Factitive Object : যেসব object ক্ষণস্থায়ী, অর্থাৎ মানুষের মতামতের ওপর যাদের স্থায়িত্ব নির্ভর করে, সেসব object-কে Factitive Object বলে। এদের স্থায়িত্ব স্বল্প বিধায় এদের বাক্যের subject করা যায় না। তাই এদের আগের object-কে subject করে passive voice করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : We made him captain.
Passive : He was made captain by us. = Captain was made him by us হবে না।
Active : We call him a fool.
Passive : He is called a fool by us. = A fool is called him by us হবে না।

Sample Questions :
1. Change the following Active Voice into Passive:
(a) We made him captain. (b) Always speak the truth. (c) Do not open the door. (e) Have you read the book? (f) He will teach us English. (g) Who has broken the plate? (h) The book is printing. (i) Nobody knows him here. (j) Whom do you call?

Answer :
(a) He was made captain by us. (b) Let the truth be always spoken.(c) Let not the door be opened. (e) Has the book been read by you?(f) English will be taught us by him. (or We shall be taught English by him. (g) By whom has the plate been broken? (h) The book is being printed. (i) He is not known here. (j) Who is called by?

Rules of Voice on Imperative Sentences

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
যে Sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ ও অনুরোধ বোঝায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে। ওই Sentence-এর Active voice-এর object-কে let-এর object-রূপে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মূল verb-এর past participle হয় এবং তার আগে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do it.
Passive : Let it be done (by you).
Active : Make a kite.
Passive : Let a kite be made (by you).
Active : Help the poor.
Passive : Let the poor be helped (by you).
Active : Take care of your health.
Passive : Let your health be taken care of.
Imperative Sentence-এর active voice যখন let দ্বারা দেওয়া থাকে, তখন Passive voice করার সময় নতুন করে আর let ব্যবহার করার দরকার হয় না। ওই let-কেই ওই বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে indirect object-কে subject করে passive করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Let Putul read the book.
Passive : Let the book be read by Putul.
Active : Let me sing a song.
Passive : Let a song be sung by me.
Active : Let him do the sum.
Passive : Let the sum be done by him.
দ্রষ্টব্য: Let-এর পরে second person বসে না।
Imperative Sentence-এর active voice-এর প্রথমে বা শেষে যদি adverb থাকে, তবে passive করার সময় তাকে বাক্যের শেষে রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Help him now.
Passive : Let him be helped now.
Active : Always speak the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be spoken always.
Active : Shut the door immediately.
Passive : Let the door be shut immediately.
Active : Today cut the tree.
Passive : Let the tree be cut today (by you).
Imperative Sentence যদি negative হয়, তবে Passive voice- করার সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে let not ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অন্যান্য নিয়ম আগের মতোই থেকে যায়।
Active : Do not break the temple.
Passive : Let not the temple be broken (by you).
Active : Don’t post the letter.
Passive : Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Active : Don’t open the door.
Passive : Let not the door be opened (by you).
 COMPLEX SENTENCE
Complex Sentence-কে Passive voice করতে হলে Principal clause ও sub-ordinate clause উভয়ের Passive করতে হয়। Principal clause-এর সাধারণত object থাকে না। তাই ওই অংশের object হিসেবে it নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : I know that you helped him.
Passive : It is known to me that he was helped by you.
Active : I thought that Babul had sung a song.
Passive : It was thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
# Complex Sentence-এর sub-ordinate clause-এর যদি object না থাকে, তবে ওই অংশের Passive voice করার দরকার হয় না। এ ধরনের sentence-এর বেলায় Principal clause-এর subject হিসেবে it নিয়েও Passive voice করা যায়। তা ছাড়া sub-ordinate clause-এর that-সহ পরের সবটুকুকে passive করার সময় বাক্যের subject করে passive করা যায়। যেমন—
Active : I know that the he is a good boy.
Passive : It is known to me that he is a good boy.
Or : That he is a good boy is known to me.
# And দ্বারা দুটি বাক্য যুক্ত হলে যদি and-এর উভয় অংশ object থাকে, তবে উভয়েই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হবে। আর and-এর পরবর্তী অংশে কোনো object না থাকলে প্রথম অংশ বা আগের অংশ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন—
Active : He ate rice and went to school.Passive : Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Active : He ate rice and gave me a pen.
Passive : Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.
অনেক সময় infinitive দ্বারাও voice change করা যায়। যেমন—
I don’t like to be hated.
A bank is going to be opened by the manager.

Voice Rules on Interrrogative Sentence

Interrogative Sentence

 SENTENCE যখন do, does বা did দ্বারা প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করে তখন subject-এর number, person and tense অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত subject এর পূর্বে “to be verb” বসিয়ে passive voice করতে হয়।
 Active : Do you like the book?
Passive : Is the book liked by you?
Active : Does he like the cake?
Passive : Is the cake liked by him?
Active : Did he beat the dog?
Passive : Was the dog beaten by him?
Interrogative বাক্যে ব্যবহূত বিভিন্ন tense-এর সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হলে Passive করার সময় tense-অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb পরিবর্তিত subject-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম পূর্বের মতোই থেকে যায়। যেমন:
Active : Has he done it?
Passive : Has it been done by him?
Active : Had he finished the work?
Passive : Had the work been finished by him?
Active : Was he making a doll?
Passive : Was a doll being made by him?
Who দ্বারা Active voice শুরু হলে একে Passive voice করার সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে By whom ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
Active : Who spoke it?
Passive : By whom was it spoken?
Active : Who does?
Passive : By whom is it done?
Active : Who has broken the pencil?
Passive : By whom has the pencil been broken?
# What দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active বাক্য আরম্ভ হলে Passive voice করার সময় what ঠিক what থাকে। যেমন:
Active : What does Meena seek?
Passive : What is sought by Meena?
Active : What did you do?
Passive : What was done by you?
# Whom দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active voice শুরু হলে তাকে Passive voice করার সময় who বাক্যের প্রথমে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Whom do you want?
Passive : Who is wanted by you?
Active : Whom does he seek?
Passive : Who is sought by him?
# Why, when, Where, how ইত্যাদি দ্বারা interrogative Active বাক্য শুরু হলে Passive voice করার সময় ওই Interrogative Adverb-গুলোই বাক্যের প্রথমে থেকে যায়। Voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম অবশ্যই পালনীয়। যেমন—
Active : Why does he disclose the fact?
Passive : Why is the fact disclosed by him?
Active : Why do they take the pen?
Passive : Why is the pen taken by them?
Active : When will Jibon write it?
Passive : When will it be written by Jibon?
Active : When will they make the kite?
Passive : When will the kite be made by them ?
Active : Where did Mamun find you?
Passive : Where were you found by Mamun?
Active : Where have you taken him?
Passive : Where has be been taken by you?
Active : How have you done this?
Passive : How has this been done by you?

Voice Rules on Imperative Sentences

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
যে Sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ ও অনুরোধ বোঝায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে। ওই Sentence-এর Active voice-এর object-কে let-এর object-রূপে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মূল verb-এর past participle হয় এবং তার আগে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do it.
Passive : Let it be done (by you).
Active : Make a kite.
Passive : Let a kite be made (by you).
Active : Help the poor.
Passive : Let the poor be helped (by you).
Active : Take care of your health.
Passive : Let your health be taken care of.
Imperative Sentence-এর active voice যখন let দ্বারা দেওয়া থাকে, তখন Passive voice করার সময় নতুন করে আর let ব্যবহার করার দরকার হয় না। ওই let-কেই ওই বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে indirect object-কে subject করে passive করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Let Putul read the book.
Passive : Let the book be read by Putul.
Active : Let me sing a song.
Passive : Let a song be sung by me.
Active : Let him do the sum.
Passive : Let the sum be done by him.
দ্রষ্টব্য: Let-এর পরে second person বসে না।
Imperative Sentence-এর active voice-এর প্রথমে বা শেষে যদি adverb থাকে, তবে passive করার সময় তাকে বাক্যের শেষে রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Help him now.
Passive : Let him be helped now.
Active : Always speak the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be spoken always.
Active : Shut the door immediately.
Passive : Let the door be shut immediately.
Active : Today cut the tree.
Passive : Let the tree be cut today (by you).
Imperative Sentence যদি negative হয়, তবে Passive voice- করার সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে let not ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অন্যান্য নিয়ম আগের মতোই থেকে যায়।
Active : Do not break the temple.
Passive : Let not the temple be broken (by you).
Active : Don’t post the letter.
Passive : Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Active : Don’t open the door.
Passive : Let not the door be opened (by you).
 COMPLEX SENTENCE
Complex Sentence-কে Passive voice করতে হলে Principal clause ও sub-ordinate clause উভয়ের Passive করতে হয়। Principal clause-এর সাধারণত object থাকে না। তাই ওই অংশের object হিসেবে it নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : I know that you helped him.
Passive : It is known to me that he was helped by you.
Active : I thought that Babul had sung a song.
Passive : It was thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
# Complex Sentence-এর sub-ordinate clause-এর যদি object না থাকে, তবে ওই অংশের Passive voice করার দরকার হয় না। এ ধরনের sentence-এর বেলায় Principal clause-এর subject হিসেবে it নিয়েও Passive voice করা যায়। তা ছাড়া sub-ordinate clause-এর that-সহ পরের সবটুকুকে passive করার সময় বাক্যের subject করে passive করা যায়। যেমন—
Active : I know that the he is a good boy.
Passive : It is known to me that he is a good boy.
Or : That he is a good boy is known to me.
# And দ্বারা দুটি বাক্য যুক্ত হলে যদি and-এর উভয় অংশ object থাকে, তবে উভয়েই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হবে। আর and-এর পরবর্তী অংশে কোনো object না থাকলে প্রথম অংশ বা আগের অংশ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন—
Active : He ate rice and went to school.Passive : Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Active : He ate rice and gave me a pen.
Passive : Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.
অনেক সময় infinitive দ্বারাও voice change করা যায়। যেমন—
I don’t like to be hated.
A bank is going to be opened by the manager.

Voice

Defective Verb বা Modal Auxiliary রয়েছে এ রকম বাক্যকে Passive Voice করার সময় নিচের নিয়মটি প্রযোজ্য হবে।
Active Passive Active Passive
can can be might might be
shall shall be would would be
will will be must must be
should should be ought to ought to be
could could be used to used to be

Tense -এর বেলায় Voice change বিভিন্ন সময় বিভিন্ন আকার ধারণ করে।
1. Present Indefinite Tense
Present Indefinite Tense -কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject(object-থেকে আগত) + am, is are + মূল verb -এর past participle + by + object (subject-থেকে আগত)
Active : I write a letter.
Passive : A letter is written by me.
Active : Sony sings a song.
Passive : A song is sung by Sony.
Active : They play football.
Passive : Football is played by them.
2. Present Continuous :
present continuous tense -কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject(object-থেকে আগত) + am, is are + মূল verb -এর past participle + by + object (subject-থেকে আগত)
Active : I am writing a letter.
Passive : A letter is being written by me.
Active : Sony is singing a song.
Passive : A song is being sung by Sony.
Active : They are drawing many pictures.
Passive : Many pictures are being drawn by them.
Active : The horse is carrying goods.
Passive : Goods are being carried by the horse.
3. Present perfect: Present Perfect Tense -কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (object-থেকে আগত) + am being/is being/are being + মূল verb -এর past participle + by + object (subject-থেকে আগত)
Active : I have written a letter.
Passive : A letter has been written by me.
Active : Sony has sung a song.
Passive : A song has been sung by Sony.
Active : They have played football.
Passive : Football has been played by them.
Active : We have won the match.
Passive : The match have been won by us.
4. Past Indefinite Tense
Past Indefinite Tense -কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (object-থেকে আগত) + was, were + মূল verb -এর past participle + by + object (subject-থেকে আগত)
Active : Jony killed a tiger.
Passive : A tiger was killed by Jony.
Active : You did the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was done by you very nicely.
Active : I thanked my friend.
Passive : My friend was thanked by me.